Analysis of urine volume and dietary salt intake assessed by two 24 hours urine specimens / 中华疾病控制杂志

@#Objective To analyze urine volume and dietary salt intake assessed by two 24 h urine specimens，to discuss its application value for evaluating population level and individual level dietary salt intake． Methods The subjects aged 18-69 years were selected from four counties in Shandong Province and Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2014 by using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method． A questionnaire survey was conducted and two 24 h urine with an interval of one day were collected． The differences between two 24 h urine volume，and the dietary salt intake between two 24 h urine were assessed at individual level and population level． Ｒesults A total of 1 288 subjects was( 42．3± 14．0) years old，of which 626( 48．6%) were males． The average urine volume of the subjects was ( 1 462±437) ml． The first 24 h urine volume ( 1 427±488) ml was lower than the second 24 h urine volume ( 1 498± 552) ml ( t = -4．439，P＜0．001) ． The dietary salt intake was ( 9．8±3．3) g，and the dietary salt intake of males ( 10．1±3．5) g was higher than that of females ( 9．5±3．1) g ( t = 3．09，P= 0．002) ． There was a significant difference in dietary salt intake among different age groups ( F= 7．57，P＜0．001) ． The dietary saltintake of 1 136 ( 88．2%) subjects was higher than the recommended level． At the individual level，the participants with the absolute difference with 1g between the subjects’two 24 h urinary salt excretion was 279 ( 21．7%) ，and the participants with the absolute difference with ＞3 g was 48．5%． At the population level，the first 24 h urinary salt excretions ( 9．9 ± 4．1) g was similar to that in the second 24 h urine and ( 9．7±4．0) g ( P= 0．1021) ． The intraclass correlation coefficients between salt excretions in the two 24 h urine was 0．508( 95% CI: 0．451-0．559) ． Conclusion The results of this study suggest that 24 h urinary salt excretion can better assess the salt intake at population level，but cannot accurately reflect the individual’s salt intake．

Gender-specific Association of Sleep Duration with Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Body Fat in Chinese Adults / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the association between habitual sleep duration and obesity among Chinese adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The association of sleep duration and obesity was investigated among 7,094 community-dwelling Chinese adults. Sleep duration was self-reported. In this study, obesity was defined as follows: body mass index (BMI) ⋝ 28 kg/m2, waist circumference (WC) ⋝ 85 cm in men and ⋝ 80 cm in women, and percent body fat (%BF) ⋝ 25 in men and ⋝ 35 in women. Logistic and quantile regressions were employed to examine relationships of interest.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Overall, 6.42% of the participants reported short sleep durations (< 6 h/d) while 14.71% reported long (⋝ 9 h/d) sleep durations. Long sleepers (⋝ 9 h/d) represented a greater frequency of women with obesity [odds ratio (OR): 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.67] and high body fat (1.43, 1.04-1.96) than those who slept 7-8 h/d. An association between long sleep times and higher BMI estimations was found across the 10th-75th percentile of the BMI distribution. Among men, long sleepers (⋝ 9 h/d) presented lower risks of developing abdominal obesity compared with individuals who slept 7-8 h/d (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.44-0.99).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our study suggests that long sleep durations are associated with general obesity in Chinese women but reduced waist circumferences in men. Confirmatory studies are needed to determine the heterogeneous association of sleep time and obesity by gender.</p>

Inaccuracy of Self-reported Low Sodium Diet among Chinese: Findings from Baseline Survey for Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH) Project / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

This study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between the self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level in Chinese. The 24-h urine collection was conducted among 2112 adults aged 18-69 years randomly selected in Shandong Province, China. The subjects were asked whether their sodium intake was low, moderate, or high. The weighted kappa statistics was calculated to assess the agreement between 24-h urine sodium excretion level and self-reported sodium intake level. One third of the subjects reported low sodium intake level. About 70% of the subjects had mean 24-h sodium excretion>9 g/d, but reported low or moderate sodium intake. The agreement between self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level was low in both normotensive subjects and hypertensive subjects. These findings suggested that many subjects who reported low sodium intake had actual urine sodium excretion>9 g/d. Sodium intake is often underestimated in both hypertensive and normotensive participants in China.

Negative Association of Domestic Activity and Active Commuting with Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Population Aged 35-64 Years / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the associations of physical activity domains with metabolic syndrome among a middle-aged Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In all, 3326 professional adults aged 35-64 years from Beijing and Zhejiang province were recruited with a cluster random sampling method. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was modified, and the recommended Asia-Pacific cut-offs of waist circumstance were introduced into the criteria for metabolic syndrome from the Adult Treatment Panel III. A binary logistic regression model was applied to examine the association of all physical activity domains with the risk of the syndrome.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Participants who engaged in domestic activity for ⋜1176 MET-min/week had a 41.6% less chance of having metabolic syndrome [odds ratio (OR), 0.584; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.480-0.710] than those without this activity. In adjusted models, adults who actively commuted for ⋜33 MET-min/week but <528 MET-min/week had a 25% less chance of having the syndrome (OR, 0.750; 95% CI, 0.582-0.966) than those who did not. No interaction was detected between the two domains of activity and the syndrome.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study highlighted the independently negative association of traffic and house activity with the prevalence of the syndrome in this sample with a generally low level of moderate activity.</p>

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in adults of Shandong province / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in 2 140 adults aged 18-69 years were analyzed. The mean daily sodium intake was 5745.0 (5427.6-6062.5) mg per day, which was higher in males than in females (P<0.01). After having been adjusted for gender, age and urban/city areas, the mean daily sodium intake was significantly higher in participants with a lower education level, drinkers and smokers than in those with a higher education level, nondrinkers and nonsmokers (P<0.01). The dietary sodium intake in adults of Shandong Province is higher than the recommended standards.

BMI, WC, WHtR, VFI and BFI: which indictor is the most efficient screening index on type 2 diabetes in Chinese community population / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, many indexes can be used to describes obesity and predict diabetes. This research attempts to identify the best indicator of obesity to screening diabetes in Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional data of 8121 subjects aged 35-60 years were included in this research belongs to the Diabetes Appropriate Technology Intervention Study. Anthropometric indicators including body weight, height, waist circumferences (WC), body fat index (BFI) and visceral fat index (VFI) and blood biochemical indicators after an overnight fast [fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triacylglycerol] were measured. BMI (body mass index) and Weight to Height Ratio was calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Subjects with obesity had a higher risk of physician diagnosed diabetes (OR=2.50, 95% CI 1.83-3.43), new diagnosed diabetes (OR=4.23, 95% CI 2.91-6.15) and pre-diabetes (OR=1.75, 95% CI 1.31-2.34) compared to those with normal Body mass index (BMI). There was a significant trend of increased risk of all diabetes status with increased waist circumference (WC). The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) yielded the most significant association with new diagnosed diabetes and physician diagnosed diabetes than other indices.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Central obesity is significantly correlated with diabetes. VFI was most correlated with pre-diabetes while WHtR is an efficient screening index than BMI and WC in Chinese community diabetes screening.</p>

Status and trend of cardio-cerebral-vascular diseases mortality in China: data from national disease surveillance system between 2004 and 2008 / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report the status and trend of cardio-cerebral-vascular disease (CCVD) mortality in China between 2004 and 2008.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mortality data from population-based survey of National Disease Surveillance System in 2004 and 2008 were analyzed. This surveillance system is consisted of 161 disease surveillance points (DSPs) located in 31 provinces of China including 64 urban and 97 rural DSPs. The total population of surveillance is over 73 millions and accounted for around 6% of the whole population of China. CCVD included ischemic heart diseases (ICD-10: I05-I09, I11, I20-I27, I30-I52) and cerebral-vascular disease (ICD-10: I60-I69). The status and trend of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebral-vascular disease (CD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortalities from 2004 to 2008 were analyzed by age, gender, and urban/rural regions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mortality of CCVD was higher in 2008 (229/100 000) than in 2004 (223.5/100 000), which was decreased in urban region (-11.7/100 000) while increased in rural region (+16.0/100 000). The mortality of CD decreased from 134.8/100 000 (2004) to 128.3/100 000 (2008). Mortality of IHD and AMI increased from 66.1/100 000 and 40.4/100 000 (2004) to 71/100 000 and 45.7/100 000 (2008), which remained stable in urban region (+0.98/100 000 and -1.96/100 000) while significantly increased in rural region (+6.7/100 000 and +9.2/100 000). The mortality rates for CVD, CD and AMI were higher in rural population than that in urban population. The age-standardized mortality rates of CVD, CD and IHD were lower in 2008 than in 2004. The mortality rates of CD and IHD decreased in 40-, 60-, and over 80 age groups (except for IHD) in 2008 than in 2004. However, IHD mortality was significantly higher in age of 80 and over group from 2004 to 2008. There were a net 5.5/100 000 increase, 6.4/100 000 decrease and 4.9/100 000 increase for CCVD, CD and IHD between 2004 and 2008. The mortality rate rise in CCVD was mainly due to the increased mortality of IHD and CD in rural population. The CCVD mortality increased with age and was significantly higher in male than in female population.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Despite decreased mortality in CD, CCVD mortality increased from 2004 to 2008, mainly due to the increased mortality of IHD and AMI in rural population. Enhanced CCVD primary and secondary prevention, particular for stressing on primary prevention, is necessary in China, especially in rural areas. Meanwhile, they will give the greatest contributions for a raise of the healthy life expectancy in China.</p>

Profile and associations of carotid femoral pulse wave velocity in a community-based Beijing population of middle and old age / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the profile and related factors of carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) in a community-based Beijing population of middle and old age.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 1519 residents aged 44 - 79 years old from Shijingshan district, Beijing, were recruited for the cardiovascular risk factor survey and CFPWV measurements. One way ANOVA, pearson correlation and partial correlation, stepwise multi-linear regression were used for the data analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The age-adjusted mean value of CFPWV was significantly higher in men than that in women (11.4 vs. 11.1 m/s, P = 0.007). CFPWV increased significantly with age both for men and women (all P < 0.01). (2) After adjusting for age and gender, CFPWV was significantly higher in people with hypertension, diabetes and higher heart rate (> 70 beats/min) than people without these factors (P < 0.01). (3) CFPWV significantly correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and heart rate (correlation coefficient ranged from 0.12 - 0.46, all P < 0.01). In female, CFPWV was positively correlated with total cholesterol and triglycerides (correlation coefficient 0.11 and 0.13, all P < 0.01). Multi-linear regression analysis showed age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and heart rate were independent predictors of CFPWV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In this middle and old age Chinese population, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and heart rate but not HDL-cholesterol and body mass index were associated with CFPWV.</p>