[Identification of Campylobacter spp. from poultry skin using methods based on bacterial culture and polymerase chain reactions]

Background: food infections caused by Campylobacter are one of the gastrointestinal inflammations in humans is health and economic losses in the community is important

Objectives: to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter contamination in chicken skin samples of Urmia, using bacterial culture and polymerase chain reactions

Methods: 80 samples of chicken skin from the Protein Gostare Sina slaughter house located in the city of Urmia in equal numbers in the winter and spring seasons were collected. The survival of Campylobacter after 24 hours in refrigerated conditions was studied in samples. Positive samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR. To investigate the phylogenetic isolates, positive samples PCR were sequenced

Results: 58/75% of chicken skin using bacterial cultures, Campylobacter were positive. The Results study the survival Campylobacter in cold conditions after 24 hours, showed that no significant decrease in the survival Campylobacter as well as contamination levels were significantly higher in spring than in winter, which may be due to the high temperature of environment that created the favorable conditions for Campylobacter

Conclusions: chicken skin is the reservoir of Campylobacter. This issue of public health care and control at all stages of production and supply of poultry products, also the transfer of it to other parts of poultry carcasses should be considered

[Evaluation of occupational exposure with vinyl chloride monomer in the plastic production industry in Tehran]

Growth of the plastics industry in recent decades has been dramatic. Poly Vinyl Chloride is one of the most widely used plastics in the world that granules in the thermal process decompose to Vinyl Chloride Monomer and is released in work air environment. This study aimed to evaluate occupational exposure and estimate workers' exposure with vinyl chloride monomer risk. A cross-sectional study of 100 workers at two Plastic factories in Tehran [A, B] was performed. Personal monitoring of workers to Vinyl Chloride Monomer was conducted by Optimized Method No.1007 from NIOSH. Atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, pressure, air velocity, and relative humidity were measured simultaneously along with personal monitoring. Quantitative risk assessment of workers was computed in the form of Standard Mortality Rate and incident rate cancer. Statistical analysis of data was conducted by SPSS version 19. Climatic parameters in the plant A and B for a relative humidity were 43.77 +/- 16.71 and 37.16 +/- 14.45% and temperature 20.95 +/- 3.34 and 21.05 +/- 2.20 degree C, air pressure 87.48 +/- 0.54 and 87.41 +/- 0.64 kPa and air velocity 0.13 +/- 0.08 and 0.10 +/- 0.06 meters per second were measured respectively. Occupational exposure to Vinyl Chloride Monomer plants A and B were 1.01 +/- 0.51 and 0.72 +/- 0.30 as ppm respectively. Quantitative risk of exposed workers based on Standard Mortality Rate was estimated 1.06 +/- 0.03 times of the population without exposure. Incident rate cancer based on accounting measures of integrated risk Information System was calculated per 1000 person exposure population. The correlation of Standard Mortality Rate and the risk of cancer incidence was statistically significant [R[2] :0.88]. Thirty one percent of workers had higher exposure to Vinyl Chloride Monomer than the occupational exposure limits [1 ppm]. In the present workers' exposure in this study is lower than international workforces reported in decades ago, but higher than studies recently published. The results clearly describes occupational hazard of workers in the current Iranian recession situation. The application of control system in the form of engineering control measure, especially in the coming years with projected economic growth, is justified for securing workers health and well-being.

[Assessment of occupational exposure to aluminum respirable aerosols among aluminum foundry workers]

Aluminum and in particular its compounds make up a large proportion of the pollutants coming from the aluminum foundry. In several studies conducted on the harmful effects of aluminum in recent decades, it has been identified as a neurotoxic metal. Chronic occupational exposure through inhalation of dust is a common problem in aluminum foundries. Investigation of the exposure of various occupational groups in two aluminum foundry plants to aluminum aerosols. To study the occupational exposure of foundry workers to respirable aerosols of aluminum, personal sampling was conducted from the breathing zone of 63 workers at two foundries in the south of Tehran city following NIOSH method No. 0600. Then samples were treated using NIOSH Institute optimized method No. 7013 and analyzed by high sensitivity graphite atomic absorption.Collected data were analyzed with SPSS V.16 statistical software using an independent sample t-test and ANOVA. The average of aluminum respirable aerosols in A and B factories were 3.21 +/- 2.33 and 3.31 +/- 2.15 mg/m[3] respectively. The one-way ANOVA indicated that occupational exposure among various occupational groups [Similar Exposure Group] in Foundry A had no significant difference [p=0.089], but differences between the exposure of melting and assembling groups in Foundry B are significant [p=0.044]. In general, in exposure frequency to aerosols in aluminum foundries, a significant difference was observed between melting and assembling groups [p=0.005] as well among abrading and assembling groups [p=0.02]. Most of the exposures to aluminum in foundry workers exceeded the current limits given by ACGIH Institute and the Iranian occupational exposure limits. According to the occupational exposure of both foundries and the absence of differences among variables involved in the exposure, the high exposure of melting and abrading groups compared to assembling groups can be attributed to the nature of these units in the production of aluminum aerosols.

Occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers to BTEX compounds

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene [BTEX] are the most important toxic volatile compounds in the air and could be easily absorbed through the respiratory tract. In recent years, the risk of exposure to BTEX compounds, especially benzene as a carcinogen, has been considered in petroleum depot stations. To assess the occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers in Iran to BETX compounds. After completing a questionnaire and assessing occupational exposure to BETX compounds, 78 [46 exposed and 32 non-exposed] depot workers were randomly selected to participate in this study. Air sampling and analysis of BTEX was conducted according to the NIOSH method No. 1501. Analysis of urinary hippuric acid, as an indicator of toluene exposure, was carried out according to NIOSH method no. 8300. Personal monitoring of the high exposure group to BTEX compounds was repeated to verify the results obtained in the first phase of the monitoring. Among the 9 operating groups studied, occupational exposure to benzene and toluene was higher in quality control and gasoline loading operators - the median exposure ranged from 0.16 to 1.63 ppm for benzene and 0.2 to 2.72 ppm for toluene. Median exposure of other group members to BTEX compounds was below the detection limit of analytical method [0.07, 0.06, 0.05, and 0.05 ppm, respectively]. The level of toluene exposure measured showed correlation with neither post-shift urinary hippuric acid [Spearman's rho = 0.128, p=0.982] nor with the difference between post- and pr-shift urinary hippuric acid [Spearman's rho=0.089, p=0.847] in depot operational workers. Gasoline loading operators are exposed to a relatively high level of benzene

[Assessment of occupational exposure to total dust and crystalline silica in construction workers of metro, Tehran]

Exposure to crystalline silica in the construction workers such as miners and diggers are widespread. Exposure to respirable silica [quartz] can results in silicosis. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of each workers and component task to total dust and respirable quartz exposure in the tunnel of metro. The assessment of crystalline silica and total dust was performed according to standard procedure [NIOSH 7601]. Both total dust and quartz levels were high. The results of total dust in the digging process [37.63 +/- 0.76 mg/m[3]] were higher than in the cement work [9.88 +/- 0.80 mg/m[3]]. The maximum 8 h time-weight average concentration for quartz was found among the digging workers [0.407 +/- 0.006 mg/m[3]], followed by the barbed workers [0.11 +/- 0.008 mg/m[3]]. It can be concluded that the total dust contains high amounts of crystalline silica and it is responsible for the occupational exposure to quartz in construction workers. Thus, it is to be expected that the construction workers will suffer negative health effects due to exposure to the quartz dust

[Isolation and characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived mesenchymal progenitors]

Isolating human induced pluripotent stem cells [hiPS]-derived mesenchymal progenitors as a new source of mesenchymal cells which can differentiate into different lineages like adipose and bone. After 7 days of hiPS1 culture on matrigle coated dishes, spindle like cells around colonies were removed by cell scraper. These cells that had mesenchymal like morphology was characterized after 4-6 passages. Mesenchymal cell surface markers CD73, CD90, CD105, CD29, CD44 and hematopoietic cell surface markers CD34 and CD45 were analyzed by flow cytometry and cells were differentiated to osteogenic and adipogenic lineages by defined medium. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that hi PS1 derived mesenchymal progenitors were%98.71 +/- 0.14 CD44+,%98.51 +/- 1.02 CD29+,%87.74 +/- 3.41 CD105+,%46.65 +/- 5.76 CD73+,%98.53 +/- 0.78 CD90+ and they did not express CD34 and CD45. These cells could be differentiated to osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. hiPS1 can make mesenchymal progenitors and these cells can be a suitable substitute for mesenchymal stem cells

Therapeutic potential of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in carbon tetrachloride [CCI[4]]-lnduced liver fibrosis

To study the effect of allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [BMMSCs] transplantation on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Fifty five female NMRI mice were divided in 5 groups, and to induce liver fibrosis CCL[4] intraperitonealy was injected 1 ml/Kg twice a week for 8 weeks 10[6] allogenic BMMSCs were infused in cell therapy group via tail vain at the end of 4[th] weeks. Liver samples were taken and evaluated with histopathologic and immunofluorescence techniques to determine the amount of fibrosis, cell homing and identity of the cells. Mice serum albumin level was measured as well. In the cell therapy group the amount of liver fibrosis and mortality rate decreased significantly [2.24 +/- 0.51% vs 3.48 +/- 0.6%, PO.05 and 27.3% vs 45.5%], respectively but there was no significant difference between their serum albumin level. These results were in compliance with low proportion of transplanted cells capable of producing albumin [0.23 +/- 0.08% of liver cells]. Because most transplanted cells were found in periportal area; they did not produce albumin. Conclusion: It seems that the major role of BMMSCs to reduce CCL[4]-induced liver fibrosis does not occur by their differentiation into hepatocyte but rather through other interaction pathways with injured liver tissue

[Study on antibacterial effects of artemia urmiana cyst shell chitosan on listeria mo-nocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, salmonellatyphimurium and escherichia coli]

Chitosan is a natural antimicrobial which is derived from non-toxic animal resources. This study investigated and compared the antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan which was extracted from shell of Artemia cyst in the lake of Urmia with the same commercial chitosan feature to that of crab shell from A.P.T firm in Vietnam. The experiment was carried by means of two fulded method to find the minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] of commercial chitosan and Artemia chitosans and [4,2,1,0/5,0/25,0/125,0/062 mg/ml] [6/4,3/2,1/6,0/8,0/4,0/2,0/1 mg/ml] on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. MIC of Artemia chitosan for those bacteria and MIC of commercial chitosan were determined 500 ppm and 800 ppm. In the next phase, each of those four bacterias was separately exposed to MIC Artemia chitosan and during 8 h of incubation at 37°C were artificially cultivated every 2 h and colonies appearing on the plates after 24 h of incubation were counted and the death time graph of the bacterias was drown to study their destruction process in the presence of MIC of Artemia chitosan. Experimental achievements showed that in this period of destruction speed in Staphylococcus aureus was more than others and the destruction speed of Salmonella typhimurium was the least. Also studying the achieved pictures by electronic microscope from the from two bacterias, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gramnegative Escherichia coli which were exposed to MIC of Artemia chitosan [500 ppm] depicted that the speed of influence by Artemia chitosanon gram-positive bacteria is much more than gram-negative bacteria. Results of this study depict great abilities of Artemia chitosan in destroying studied bacteria in comparis on with those of commercial one

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Islamic Republic of Iran: systematic review and meta-analysis

We estimated the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Islamic Republic of Iran by systematic review of all available studies in the country between 1996 and 2004 and aggregation of the data using meta-analysis and meta-regression methods. In those > 40 years the prevalence was 24% and it increased by 0.4% with each year after 20 years of age. The risk of type 2 diabetes was 1.7% greater in women than men [P < 0.001]. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes appears higher in the Islamic Republic of Iran than in other developing countries but because of differences in age pyramids, the crude prevalence is not an appropriate indicator and age-adjusted or age-specific prevalences should be used

prevalence of obesity in Iran in recent decade: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

There is a great deal of descriptive studies on obesity in Iran, mostly assessed the prevalence and its relationship with various risk factors and chronic diseases. In order to obtain/give a better insight into the epidemiology of obesity in Iran in recent years and assess its heterogeneity around the country, we reviewed systematically all available studies and analyzed their findings using Meta-analysis. All published papers in Iranian and international journals, final reports of research projects, papers in relevant congresses, proceeding books and dissertations of students were reviewed. Those findings, which published between 1997 and 2007 and met eligible criteria, were entered in meta-analysis [Random Model]. Fifty eight eligible papers [out of 219] including 132864 individuals were entered into analysis. The overall prevalence of obesity for adults [>18 yrs] and children [<18 y] was 21.5% [CI95% 17.4-25.6] and 5.5% [CI95% 4.5-6.4], respectively. The prevalence of obesity in boys and girls [<18y] was 5.3% [CI95% 4.1-6.4] and 4.8% CI95%4.0-5.7], respectively. It increased in both adult men and women to 13.7% [CI 95% 10.9-16.7] and 27.3% [CI95% 21.3-33.4], respectively. Meta regression indicated that only age explained a considerable proportion of the observed heterogeneity among women. In overall, the risk of obesity was greater in women, but even in adults, the prevalence was less than that in developed countries. The percentage of obesity was increased by aging, especially in women. There were large variations in the reported prevalence of obesity in Iran; it is mainly because of the different in the distributions of age and sex among the subjects

arrangement of microtubules in embryos derived from mice young, old and reconstructed oocytes

To study the structure and distribution of microtubules in embryos derived from young, old and reconstructed oocytes. Embryos obtained from old [50 embryos], young [50 embryos] and reconstructed oocytes [10 embryos] were studied by immunocytochemistry. The microtubule structures of the embryos were studied by using fluroscent microscopy with FITC-PI filter and polyclonal antibody against alfa tubulin. The spindle structure of MII young oocyte and the obtained embryos were normal with the suitable condensation. There was no contact between chromosome and spindle in old Oocytes as well as the obtained embryos, in addition, the spindle was extended in old group. In reconstructed embryos, thin and scattered filaments were observed. This study reveals that the arrangement of microtubules in reconstructed embryos was caused by repeating of injection and oocyte manipulation. Also, interactions between karyoblast, cytoplasm and microtubuls may not be suitable. This may be caused by low fertilization in these oocytes

Investigating the effect of laser assisted hatching on the development and quality of vitrified-warmed 4-celI stage mouse embryos

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of laser assisted hatching on the development and quality of vitrified-warmed 4-cell stage mouse embryos. The vitrified-warmed 4-cell mouse embryos were divided into two groups: control group [without laser assisted hatching] and experiment group [with laser assisted hatching]. All embryos in both groups were cultured in sequential media containing G1TMver3 and G2TMver3. Afterward, all expanded blastocysts were randomly selected and stained with differential [for cellularity] and TUNEL [for cell death] methods. On day 1[24hrs] of culture, the difference between the control and the experimental groups was insignificant in the rate of blastocyst formation. But on day 2[48hrs] of culture, 87.61% of embryos in the experimental group reached the blastocyst stage. This rate did not increase significantly as compared to the control group [78.14%]. Finally on day 3 [72 hrs], the rate of blastocyst formation reached 94.40% and 81.75%, respectively, in both the experimental and control groups. The difference between these two groups were significant [p<0.05]. The number of blastomeres and apoptotic cells were similar in the experimental and control groups. The laser assisted hatching has no decreasing effect on cellularity, but it has increasing effect on incidence of cell death. In addition, the assisted hatching significantly increases the blastocyst formation rate of intact vitrified-warmed 4-cell stage mouse embryos

Treatment of wastewater in plating industry by chelate extraction method

One of the most efficient methods to preserve environment is the procedure and method to achieve effective materials and the dual and reapplication of natural sources. In this research, After carrying out a vast study on the growing spot of Iranian oaks, of the 36 species and subspecies already identified, 10 species and subspecies were selected as they cover a vaster surface of Iranian woods in North Alborz Region, Arsabaran region and the western part of Zagros Mountains. 5 samples were collected of each type form different spots of the country. The effective and usable substances of oak fruit were extracted and isolated by the four methods of maceration, decoction, perculation and soxhlet tannin in one specie show no significant difference; However the amount of tannin in different species show significant differences in statistical term in such a way that the minimum and maximum tannin was found in Q.Brantii, Belangri with 9.7% tannin and Q.Macrantera, with 3.2 percent tannin. This amount was put in contact with wastewater various from plating industries in 20 to 50 mg/L amount. The mentioned wastewaters contained 50 to 750 mg/L heavy metals [chromium, nickel, zinc, copper and silver]. The results were analyzed through a biofactor variance analysis model with repetition in each house [Toki] Results showed that the removal output for zinc, copper, nickel and chromium without considering the initial concentration of the metal were 91 to 95 percent, 71 to 83.5 percent, 59 to 90 percent, and 84 to 85 percent, respectively. Also, with respect to the studies carried out with different methods and comparing the percentage of metals removal it was concluded that the removals output through applying 50 mg/L. hydroxide calcium along with 50 mg/L tannin with 82.3 percent average had the most effects in entire metals

[Frequency of hepatitis A virus antibodies in patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Iran]

Superinfection of hepatitis A in chronic hepatitis B and C may worsen the course of disease. This study attempted to study frequency of hepatitis A virus antibodies in patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C. 115 hepatitis C and 56 hepatitis B patients who visited the Hepatitis Association of Hamedan province during 2004-2005 were enrolled. Hepatitis A virus antibodies [IgM, IgG] by ELISA, WBC, hemoglobin, platelet, AST and ALT were evaluated. 32 patients with hepatitis B and 39 patients with hepatitis C refused the study. In 71 [85.5%] patients with hepatitis B, IgG-HAV-Ab and in one patient IgM-HAV-Ab was detected. 36 [92.3%] patients with hepatitis C had IgG-anti-HAV. Due to high frequency of HAV Ab, it is preferable to evaluate patients with hepatitis B and C for HAV-Ab instead of vaccination of all patients

[Frequencies of hepatitis B and C infections in hemophiliacs of Hamedan province, 2004]

Hemophilia is a x-linked deficiency of factor VIII. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequencies of hepatitis Band C infections, markers of inflammation and liver function tests and also to assess the possible association between factor VIII inhibitor and hepatitis Band C infections in hemophiliacs of Hamedan Province of Iran. Sixty-six patients with confirmed diagnosis of hemophilia were included, for whom, hepatitis Band C serology; aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], factor VIII level and factor VIII inhibitor were evaluated. Frequencies of hepatitis C antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen were 59.1% and 5%, respectively. Frequency of factor VIII inhibitor was 47.8% in hemophilia A group, and its presence was not neither associated significantly with hepatitis B or C infections nor with AST or ALT levels. There was a significant statistical association between duration of hemophilia and development of factor VIII inhibitor [P<0.03] and hepatitis C [p<0.01]. Frequencies of hepatitis C and B are significant in hemophiliacs. Indeed, current screening of blood products might not be complete for elimination of blood-borne viruses and we strictly suggest revising this process in transfusion centers

[Ultra structure of human uterine and oviduct epithelial cells cultivated under the same ulture condition]

Introduction: Extra cellular matrix [ECM] as an important component of cellular microenvironment has a key role in maintaining the differentiated state of cells. Effects of ECM on morphologic differentiation of epithelial cells including those from uterus and oviduct has been shown in past studies in which cellular and hormonal factors have been used in addition to ECM to maintain epithelial cell differentiation. Not much attention has been paid, in these studies; about the ultra structure of cultured cells specially those from oviduct

Objective: The purpose of present study is to cultivate the human uterine and oviduct epithelial cells under the same microenvironment [ECM Gel and DMEM/Ham's F12 medium] and to observe and compare ultra structural characteristics of the cultured cells by transmission electron microscopy [TEM]

Materials and Methods: For this purpose, uterine and oviduct tissue were obtained from patients undergoing total hysterectomy in Emam Khomeini Hospital. Epithelial cells, after being isolated, were cultured on plastic surfaces and the epithelial nature of the cells was confirmed using immunocytochemistry. Cells with epithelial nature were trypsinized and cultured on ECM gel. At the end ultra structure of cells in parallel with tissue were prepared for TEM

Results: Our results showed that the plastic cultured cells have no signs of differentiation and appeared as elongated spindle cell in sections, whereas those cultured on ECM gel had highly differentiated structure and observed as columnar in shape. In this term they were very similar to epithelial cells from tissue fragment. Epithelial cells of oviduct, cultured on ECM gel, were noticed ultra structurally very similar to that from uterus. The main structural difference existed in vivo state [the presence of abundance cilia on apical surface of oviduct epithelial cells] were not observed in vitro

Conclusion: As a conclusion, it seems that ECM gel by itself is enough to induce morphologic differentiation and structural polarization of epithelial cells. Ultra structurally different cells grows and acquires the same structure when being cultured under the same microenvironment

[Effect of direct current pulsation on maturation of mouse oocyte and development of fetus]

Introduction: In this study the immature mouse oocytes [Germinal Vesicles: GV], which were arrested in metaphase [MI], were activated with DC pulses and the effect of DC pulse frequency on immature oocyte activation and their subsequent in vitro development were studied

Material and Methods: Immature oocytes successfully passed the meiosis processes. That is, germinal vesicle stage of oocytes changed to germinal vesicle breakdown [GVB] and finally the first polar body extruded and reached metaphse II, [MII] and formation of 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell embryos. Immature Oocytes were separated from NMARY mice [4-6 week old] ovary in different phases. They were placed in M2 medium droplet and then activated with DC pluse [50V, 30micros]

Results: Immature oocytes [GV] began meiosis resumption and GVs changed to GVB and extruded first polarbody and some of them reached metaphase II. After 24 hours evaluation by inverted microscope was performed. Ovulated oocytes were inseminated with the capacitded epididymal sperm of the same strain of mice. One to four pulses with a duration of 30micros induced more oocyte activation [67% to 89%], maturation [68 to 77%] and embryo formation [44% to 84%]. Embryo formation increased significantly with more than two DC pulses [55-88%] compared with a frequency of less than two [51%] groups

Conclusion: This study revealed that electroactivation is helpful for in-vitro maturation, fertilization, embryo formation and development in female infertility, especially in those with irrgular secretion of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone [FSH, LH]

[Developmental potential of human fragmented embryos]

Introduction: The aim of this investigation was to study the developmental potential of human fragmented embryos to blastocyst stage and to evaluate the developed blastocysts in the term of size, cellularity, the type of inner cell mass [ICM], trophoetoderm [TE] and the number of dead cells

Material and Methods: Four to eight cell fragmented human embryos were obtained from the embryology lab of Royan Institute. Embryos were scored according to the degree of fragmentation, using invert microscope, into four groups [group I: embryos with least fragmentation, group II: embryos with small fragment among blastomers, group III: embryos with large fragment approximately in the size of blastomers and group IV: embryos with necrotic fragments]. Each group was cultured in rS2 medium and their development was recorded to the day six [embryos were cultured in rS1 for first 3 days].In this study the size and the quality of developed blastocyst and number of blastomer in the ICM and TE were evaluated. The number of dead cells in each blastocyst [apoptotic or necrotic] were counted using TUNEL staining and the results were analyzed statistically by chi2 and ANOVA

Results: High percentage of embryos from group IV had developmental block at 2- 4 cell stage. In addition, a high percentage of embryos from all groups stopped their development at 8-cell to morolla stage. The rate of blastocyst formation of embryos from group I and II was higher than group III and IV. The results showed that size of embryos from group IV was statistically lower than groups I and II. Blastocyst quality [the number of blastomers in ICM] of embryos from group I and II was better than group III and IV. Differential staining results suggested that the ratio of ICM to TE in embryos from each group is not statistically different compared to other groups. But the mean total number of blastomer and the mean number of ICM and TE of embryos from groups I and II was higher than the other two groups. The results of TUNEL staining showed that embryos with high number and size of fragmentation at 4-cell stage had a high number of apoptotic and necrotic cell

Conclusion: Embryos with high fragmentation have reduced developmental potential, blastocyst size, low quality blastocyst, low quality ICM and TE, and low number of total cell number. In addition the number of dead cell was higher