Serological detection of rotavirus among children with diarrhea in relation to different environmental conditions

Rotaviruses are the single most important etiologic agents of severe diarrhea of infants and young children worldwide. In the present study, serological detection of rotavirus was done using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], on 247 stool specimens. These were collected from children with acute diarrhea attending the outpatient clinic of Alexandria University Children's Hospital at El-Shatby, from October 2005 to April 2007. Rotavirus was detected in 33.6% of the collected samples; no specific age group or sex predilection was observed. It was presented with a marked seasonal peak during autumn and winter [58.3% and 40.5%, respectively]. Rotavirus was found to be infecting most commonly under-weight children [46.9%] resulting into fluid loss and severe dehydration [80%]. Rotavirus acute gastroenteritis was found to be associated with fever [38.8%], vomiting [39.9%], watery stools, and long duration of diarrheal episodes lasting from one up to six days. The appearance of convulsions among rotavirus-positive cases even in the absence of fever [84.6%] was an important finding. Exclusive formula-fed infants appeared to exhibit the highest disease incidence [50%] while exclusive breast-fed infants had a lower incidence level [35.2%] of the disease. The virus was found to be significantly affecting children living in rural areas of Egypt [43.8%] rather than urban ones [26.1%]. Environmental factors that were shown to affect the disease incidence include: the presence of impurities in water [41.6%], broken pipes [58.1%] and water tanks [58.7%] at the residence place. On the other hand, neither the kind of water source nor the presence of a sewage-disposal network was significantly related to the disease. Therefore the study recommended to screen for rotavirus in children with diarrhea in order to avoid the use of unnecessary medications. In addition, encouragement of breast feeding practices and improvement of environmental conditions are important means of prevention of rotavirus infection

Purification of 38KDa antigen for diagnosis of tuberculosis in buffaloes

The 38 kDa antigen of Mycobacteriurn tuberculosis strain H37/Rv was prepared und purified from the unheated culture filtrate by alcohol fractionation after being precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The prepared antigen was evaluated in comparison with bovine tuberculin by skin sensitivity test and ELISA in guinea pigs experimentally infected with typical and atypical mycobacteria. Results indicated the ability of 38 kDa antigen to differentiate between guinea pigs infected with both types of mycobacteria. Also, the antigen was evaluated in comparison with bovine PPD using ELISA for serum samples taken from tuberculin positive and negative buffaloes. The antigen was able to distinguish infection of pathogenic potential forms from cross-reaction sensitization by environmental mycobacteria at serum dilution of 1/80. Specificity of the 38 kDa antigen was 88.9% versus to 66.7% for bovine PPD. Therefore, 38 kDa antigen is strongly suggested for serological diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis

Effect of atropine and diclofenac on the contractility of dog's vesico-urethral smooth muscls vitro

Smooth muscle preparations from various parts of the vesicourethral system of dogs and cats were used. These were suspended in Tyrode's solution at 37°C, bubbled with carbogen. The contractile response was recorded through an isotonic muscle transducer on a chartmover. It was observed that while the response to the ganglion stimulant Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium [D, M.P.P] is variable i.e. contraction, relaxation or no response acetyl choline induced contraction in all specimens. In addition atropine escape phenomenon was not uniformly distributed.Also alpha and beta adrenergic blockers in combination with prostaglandins synthetase inhibitor can induce complete block in response to acetyl choline in areas where atropine escape phenomenon was observed.These observations, in addition to the constant demonstration of atropine escape phenomenon in our in vivo experiments, suggest that a central mechanism plays an important role in atropine escape phenomenon and this phenomenon is variable in our in vitro experiments. Also, prostaglandins may be partially responsible for atropine resistance of the detrusor

Effect of atropine and diclofenac on the contractility of dog's vesico-urethral smooth muscle in vivo

Female dogs were used, the bladder body was surgically separated from the trigone and urethra. A millar transducer was used to record the intravesical pressure.Another double channel transducer records pressure changes at the level of trigone and proximal urethra These transducers were connected to honeywell amplifier. The signals were recorded on a honeywell multichannel vesicorder. The response of the lower urinary tract of chemical or electrical stimulation was recorded as pressure changes which represent either contraction or relaxation. In vivo studies revealed that atropine can block 40% of detrusor and trigonal contractions and 30% of the proximal urethral contractions induced by both intra-arterial injection of dimethyl phenylpiperazinium [D.M.P.P] and electrical stimulation of pelvic nerves. The addition of adrenergic blockers did not block completely the contractions except in the proximal urethra where 90% of the contractile response was blocked. Thus atropine escape phenomenon was mainly manifested in the fundus and trigonal regions. Prostaglandins may be responsible for atropine escape phenomenon since diclofenac [prostaglandins synthetase inhibitor] and the multiple autonomic blockers can block about 90-95% of fundus and trigonal induced contractions meanwhile complete block in the proximal urethra was observed. Injection of prostaglandins after autonomic blockers and diclofenac led to contraction of the bladder body, trigone and urethra [PG F2alpha] and contraction of the bladder body and relaxation of trigone and urethra [PG E2]

Percutaneous extraction of renal calculi in patients with solitary kidneys: technique-complications long term follow-up

53 cases with renal stones in solitary kidney were treated by PCNL. The technique was a standard two stage procedure. Complete clearance of the targeted stone [S] was achieved in 92.5%. Residual stones were left in 4 cases. Early complications were reported in 7 cases [13.2%]. Patients were followed up from 12-60 months [average 40 months]. Late sequaele were reported in 5 cases [9.4%]. True stone recurrence was noted in 3 cases [5.6%]. Kidney function showed improvement [28 cases] or stabilization [23 cases]. However,deterioration was documented in two cases.The results achieved suggest that percutaneous removal of renal calculi from patients with solitary kidneys should be considered a viable and effective alternative to open surgery

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, an endoscopic approach for renal stones extraction

In 18 months period, 152 percutaneous nephrolithotomy have been performed in 150 patients with a great variety of renal stones. Among the stones extracted successfully by this technique are multiple, bilateral, radiolucent and staghorn calculi. Stones in conyenitally abnormal renal unites were successfully removed, such as malrotated, duplex and horsesho kidney. Slipped ureteric stones could be retrieved by percutaneous renal route and or with ureterorenoscope from below. The different technical modalities will be reviewed to explain their individual indications. The success rate and complications were presented and discussed

Bstructive anuria, [management appraesal]

Post renal [obstructive] anuria is a common urologic emergency in Egypt. In this study, a retrospective analysis of 170 patients admitted with obstructive anuria is presented. The most common cause of obstrcution was stones [62.3%] and ureteral strictures presented 24.7% of the cause. Only 13% of the patients presented with bilateral obstruction and the remaining had single functioning obstructed kidneys. Most of the patients were drained with PCN with success rate of 90%. After drainage and correction of the uremic, half of the patients had corrective surgery for the obstructing factore, one fourth had spontaneous diuresis with of small stones and the remaining fourth had permenant nephrostomy for drainage in view of the poor renal function or the poor cardio-pulmonary status. Our policy is to use primarily the PCN for draingae ast it was observed that it is a simple; procedure that increases the overall cure rate and reduces the overall mobidity and mortality

9 year's experience with management of branching stones

102 patients having staghorn stones were managed, between 1975, 1984. Patients were evaluated medically, radiologically, bacteriologically and their renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance and in some cases by renogram. Different lines of management were utilized. Extended pyelolithotomy in 30 cases, Extended pyelotomy and multiple nephrotomies in 3, anatrophic nephrotomy in 23, lower polar partial nephrectomy in 15, nephrectomy in 17 and medical treatment in 19 patients. [5 patients underwent two operations]. 75 patients could be followed up using the same preoperative investigation with the addition of typing of the incecting organism. Residual stones were within the reported figures 29.5%. Infection was controlled after surgery from 80% but it increased with medical treatment. Morbidity was minimal and no mortality was reported among cases treaed surgically

Adenocarcinoma in bilharzial bladder: a retrospective study of 41 cases

Our experience with 41 patients with vesical adenocarcinoma treated between 1969 and 1983, is presented. The operative mortality was 9.5%. The 5-year actuarial survival of cases treated by radical surgery was 38.9%. The relation between treatment failures, histologic types of adenocarcinoma [Non mucin, mucin producing and mucinous] and grade is outlined

Visual internal urethrotomy for stricture urethra

50 patients with stricture urethra were treated with V.I.U. in our department and follow up after 6 months. The bulbous urethra was the commonest site of structure in 17 patients [34%]. The most common cause of stricture was traumatic [36/50]. The complications were minor and only in 14%. The success rate was 88%. Urethral dilatation is essential in most of the cases to maintain urethral patency

Post traumatic stricture urethra long term follow up

68 patients with post-traumatic stricture urethra were included in the study. The different methods of scrotal inly urethroplasties utilized in their management are discussed. 40 patients completed the two stages while the remaining 28 patients are waiting for the second stage closure. The technical difficulties and the complications following the first as well as the second stage urethrroplasties are presented. An overall success rate of 85% was obtained with an average of 2. 2 operative procedures per patient that nearly parallels with that given in literature