[To understand the effective studying between Ardabil city university students in 2006 year]

Nowadays, by developing of the science and to increase the scientific Issues in all fields, can to see that the academic success in universities is resulted from effective trying, right study and time management. One the unsuccessful causes in some students is not to know the studying ways and its related skills. This study has been done in this case. This descriptive study has been done on 686 persons of Ardabil city students. Its measuring tools is the self-constructed questionnaire in two parts the first part includes of; specifications, of personal and social, study duration, and the second part contains the questions about to understand the effective study. Random sampling was selected for students of any universities. The collected data analyzed by spss soft ware by using analytical and descriptive statistics. Age mean between students was 21.51 +/- 21.65 and studying duration was 1.43 +/- 0.43 days. Only 15.59% of them had regular study in academic term. The most important of the study drawbacks were lack of sufficient motive, [44.36%] and unconfidence to future job [30.47%]only 16.03% student that they have a regular program for studying and learning. 33.09 of students had good understanding, 58.1 mean and 8.75% weak ones related to the sufficient study. The understanding rate of students residing in city districts and state universities was more than rural areas and Azad universities and this difference was significant statistically.[p<0.05]. This investigation indicates that many student have middle understanding on the sufficient study. Then, to recognize the study way and its education in the beginning of the university studying is necessary

[Measuring and comparing social capital components of members and non-members of rural production cooperatives]

This study is to analyze which factors of social capital are more effective than others to ease and accelerate cooperation among members of Rural Production Cooperative in order to implement rural developmental programs in Mazandaran province of Iran. This was a descriptive- correlation study is a survey type. The population in the study consisted of 5746 farmers in Mazandaran province, By a proportional stratified random sampling technique, 362 farmers of the population were chosen as our sample. A questionnaire was designed to gather data needed for the study. The finding of this study indicates that, there was a significant difference between members and non- members regarding bridging social capital components. Exchange of information between communities, trust to institutions,-measure of awareness and formal relationship networks were the most important factors that distinguish two groups and make 71.2% of population distinctive. This research shows that Members of Rural Production Cooperative have more bridging social capital than non-members