Breastfeeding practice in Kuwait: determinants of success and reasons for failure

To explore the possible determinants of duration of breastfeeding in Kuwait, 234 mothers completed a questionnaire concerning the feeding of their youngest infant. The questionnaire addressed the factors that contributed to their willingness to continue breastfeeding and enquired about the factors leading to their decision to end it. Only 26.5% of the mothers had continued breastfeeding for 6 months or more. Separate family housing, higher maternal age, late initiation of breastfeeding, being employed without the feasibility to breastfeed at work, breastfeeding information given after rather than before birth, and maternal and infant sickness were all significant contributors influencing early cessation. Father's support was a significant factor that encouraged the practice. In conclusion, preventive strategies are recommended for boosting breastfeeding, with special emphasis on the factors linked to early cessation, aiming at full implementation of the WHO global public health recommendations for successful breastfeeding in Kuwait

Pattern of beverage intake and milk and dairy products sufficiency among high-school students in Kuwait

High consumption of soft drinks has been associated with lower intakes of milk and calcium-rich foods and higher body mass index [BMI]. This study aimed to explore the pattern of beverage intake among Kuwaiti high-school students. A questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning beverages and milk and dairy products intake was completed by 190 Kuwaiti students aged 16-18 years and BMI was calculated for 181 of them. Intake of sweetened carbonated beverages and to a lesser extent packaged fruit juices affected the sufficiency of milk and dairy products intake among the sample of high-school students in Kuwait. Although BMI was not related to milk and dairy insufficiency, more of the overweight and obese students displayed incorrect practices. Nutritional education of high-school students on the importance of milk and dairy products as well as the hazards of excess sweetened carbonated beverages and packaged juice is recommended to prevent the obesity epidemic prevaiting in Kwait

CD95 expression in white blood cells of malnourished infants during hospitalization and catch-up growth

Malnutrition continues to be a major health burden in developing countries. Flow cytometric estimation of the apoptotic marker CD95 in peripheral neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes was done for 18 infants with non-oedematous protein energy malnutrition [PEM] and 12 oedematous ones, on hospital admission and after supervised nutritional rehabilitation, and compared with 12 matched controls. CD95 counts in the 3 types of white blood cells were significantly higher in PEM infants and showed improvement after nutritional rehabilitation yet not reaching the control values. Enhanced apoptosis in the leukocytes of peripheral blood of PEM patients may be a marker of increased infection and immune disturbances. This derangement reverses upon proper nutritional rehabilitation

Sleep-wake cycle disturbances in protein-energy malnutrition: effect of nutritional rehabilitation

A standard sleep questionnaire was given to the parents of 26 infants with protein-energy malnutrition who underwent polysomnographic evaluation. These investigations were repeated approximately 2 months after enrolment in a nutritional rehabilitation programme based on World Health Organization guidelines. Anthropometric values and serum serotonin levels were also measured. After nutritional rehabilitation there was a significantly higher percentage of non-rapid eye movement [REM] sleep; 2nd REM time, and latency times for sleep and REM sleep increased. Percentages of REM sleep and serum serotonin levels decreased significantly. Protein-energy malnutrition seems to affect the sleep-wake cycle; disturbed serotonin levels may be among the factors responsible

T-lymphocyte subsets and thymic size in malnourished infants in Egypt: a hospital-based study

Thymus size was assessed ultrasonographically and correlated to the percentage of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood in 32 infants with protein-energy malnutrition [PEM] and compared with 14 healthy control infants. The study revealed thymus atrophy in patients with PEM, especially the oedematous type, accompanied by changes in the peripheral lymphocyte subsets. These changes were reversible after nutritional rehabilitation. However, they may affect the immune status of PEM patients and may require a longer duration of nutrition rehabilitation than required for recovery of anthropometric measures. We recommend proper assessment of the immune functions of PEM patients during nutritional rehabilitation until full recovery

Prevalence of smoking among Egyptian school students living in Cairo

The present study was conducted in selected schools in Greater Cairo including both high and low socioeconomic areas [Heliopolis and El- Waily, respectively] randomly chosen. One thousand students were recruited through multistage random sampling. A self-administrative questionnaire was used and included questions demonstrating the socioeconomic data of the studied students and questions about the smoking habit, risk factors for starting smoking as well as health beliefs concerning this habit. Urinary continence was estimated in a sub sample of the students as a confirmatory test. The questionnaire revealed a total prevalence of smoking of 8%, most of them were from El-Waily area. Urinary continine revealed a possibility of nine extra smokers in Heliopolis which would raise the prevalence from 1% to 19% in this area. Causes of starting smoking were found to be mainly freedom from family bonds. Increased number of siblings and more pocket money were detected as risk factors. The fathers and mothers education and occupation had no role in their sibs smoking yet having smokers in the family affected the incidence of smoking. Most students swallowed rather than blew their tobacco and the source of their first cigarette was mainly a friend

Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric emptying time in malnourished infants: the effect of type of meal

Ultrasonographic gastric emptying time [GET] using both liquid and semisolid meals was measured on 27 malnourished children [10 marasmic infants, 10 marasmic Kwashiorkor infants and 7 Kwashiorkor infants] and 15 healthy infants; all of them aged 7-24 months. The statistical analysis of the results showed that there was a highly significant delay of the half gastric emptying time of the marasmic and marasmic Kwashiorkor group to both the liquid and the semisolid meals as compared with the control group and the delay of half gastric emptying time of semisolid meals was much more than that of the liquid meal. On comparing the KWO group with the control group, there was no statistically significant delay of half gastric emptying time of the liquid and semisolid meals

Nutritional stunting in Egypt: which nutrient is responsible?

We looked at the relationship between linear growth retardation and deficiencies of certain nutrients in Egyptian children. A group of 107 stunted children aged between 10 and 18 years were subjected to history-taking, physical examination and laboratory investigations. Selected cases were referred to radiology for assessment of bone age. Thirty-nine children were enrolled as controls. Serum haemoglobin, alpha-tocopherol, retinol and magnesium levels were significantly decreased in stunted children compared with the controls. Serum zinc levels were also lower in the stunted group but not significantly so. We conclude that several nutrient deficiencies occur simultaneously in stunted children and all of them may be responsible for stunting

Impact of nutritional rehabilitation on enzymatic antioxidant levels in protein energy malnutrition

To assess the role of enzymatic antioxidants in the pathogenesis of protein energy malnutrition [PEM] and the effect of nutritional rehabilitation, we studied 30 infants with PEM [mean age 10.63 +/- 4.39 months: 10 marasmic; 8 with kwashiorkor; 12 with marasmic kwashiorkor] and 15 controls. All underwent clinical examination and laboratory investigations, including superoxide dismutase [SOD] and glutathione peroxidase [GPx] estimation before and after nutrition rehabilitation. SOD and GPx were significantly lower in all malnourished infants compared to controls, and significantly increased after nutritional rehabilitation. These significant correlations suggest that antioxidants could be introduced during PEM nutritional rehabilitation to decrease morbidity and mortality