Outcome of superior manual small-incision cataract surgery in pediatric age group - A five year retrospective study at a tertiary eye hospital in Karnataka

Purpose: To analyze intraoperative difficulties and visual and surgical outcomes following pediatric cataract surgery. Methods: This five?year retrospective study (2014�19) included 138 eyes (85 children) with cataract aged between 12 months and 18 years (either sex). All children had undergone best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anterior and posterior segment evaluation, intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation, superior manual?small?incision cataract surgery (MSICS) with or without posterior capsulotomy/anterior vitrectomy and IOL implantation under general or local anesthesia, visual rehabilitation, and had been followed up for a minimum period of 12 months. Results: The mean age was 111.27 � 4.84 months. Preoperative BCVA distance: 113 (81.88%)eyes had BCVA < 6/60; near BCVA: 114 (82.6%) eyes had ?N36. At last postoperative follow?up (mean: 20.98 � 13.08 months): distant BCVA? ?6/60 had been recorded in 120 (86.96%) eyes; near BCVA? >N36 in 123 (89.13%) eyes. Improvement in BCVA was statistically significant. Intraoperative scleral tunnel difficulties were seen in three eyes (thin flap in two, and buttonhole in one eye); in the majority of the eyes 113 (81.88%), IOL was placed in the bag. Twenty eyes had early postoperative inflammation. At last follow?up: posterior capsular opacity was recorded in six eyes, IOL decenteration in two eyes, secondary glaucoma in six eyes, and severe amblyopia in 36 (26.09%) eyes. The mean myopic shift was ? 1.11 � 0.89 D and was statistically significant. Conclusion: Superior MSICS as a treatment for pediatric cataract has minimal intraoperative complications and satisfactory visual and surgical outcomes.

Presence and development of strabismus in children with telecanthus, epicanthus and hypertelorism

Purpose: To study the presence and development of strabismus in children with telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism. Methods: This is a prospective, longitudinal, and observational study. Sixty children aged between 6 months and 18 years with telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism in isolation or in combination were recruited. A detailed analysis of the history, determination of best corrected visual acuity, complete evaluation of strabismus, and ocular examination were carried out. The presence of telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism and associated strabismus, if any, was noted. All children were followed up for a minimum and maximum period of 12 and 18 months, respectively, to analyze the strabismus (previously present) and for detection of strabismus in those who did not have. The data were analyzed descriptively with mean and standard deviation. Chi square test and Fishers exact test were used to analyze the data between the groups. A P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Telecanthus was the most common lid feature (55%). At baseline, ten (16.66%) children had strabismus (six: esotropia; four: exotropia). Two (3.33%) children underwent surgery. One child developed exotropia at the third follow?up (18 months). At the end of the study, 11 (18.33%) children had strabismus. No significant association was seen between lid characteristics and the type of strabismus. Conclusion: Children with telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism in isolation or in combination may or may not have associated strabismus. These features can pose difficulty in strabismus diagnosis, which mandates a careful examination, especially in younger age groups and small?angle strabismus. On the other hand, children without strabismus need longer follow?up to detect the development of strabismus and to initiate further management at the earliest.

Analysis of postoperative visual and surgical outcome following surgery for absorbed cataract in pediatric age group and the intraoperative difficulties

Purpose: To analyze the postoperative visual and surgical outcomes following surgery for pediatric?absorbed cataracts and intraoperative difficulties. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study included 43 eyes (30 children) with absorbed cataracts aged between 6 months and 18 years (either sex). All children underwent best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anterior and posterior segment evaluation, rubella titer estimation, intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation, superior small incision cataract surgery with or without posterior capsulotomy/anterior vitrectomy/IOL implantation under general anesthesia, visual rehabilitation, and were followed up for 1 year. Results: The mean age was 7.89 ± 4.84 years. Preoperative BCVA distance: 39 eyes had either perception of light (PL) or counting finger close to face (CFCF); near BCVA: all eyes had either PL or N36. Postoperative (12 months) distant BCVA: a majority of the eyes (27) had 6/60–1/60, 11 eyes had 6/18–6/36; near: N18 in 19 eyes, N6 in 7 eyes. Anterior continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis (ACCC) was possible in eight eyes. Cortical aspiration was difficult in 16 eyes (peripheral calcified ring). A majority (32 eyes) underwent in the sulcus implantation (in?the?bag: eight eyes); two eyes: no IOL, one eye: secondary IOL. Eleven eyes had early postoperative inflammation. At 12 months, one eye underwent membranectomy for visual axis opacification and 38 eyes had well?centered IOLs. Conclusion: Surgery in absorbed cataracts is challenging because of the anatomic disorganization of the absorbed lens. By adopting appropriate surgical methods and good visual rehabilitation, one can achieve satisfactory surgical and visual outcomes, highlighting the need for surgical intervention

Management of a case of Traumatic Lateral Rectus Transection – A Surprise.

A 19-year-old girl, presented with diplopia, bleeding, pain, and tissue hanging out from her right eye after a stick injury. She had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 and N6 in both the eyes, right eye esotropia (30 prism diopter), total limitation of abduction (right eye), and diplopia. About 10 mm of lateral rectus (LR) muscle stump was hanging from the insertion over the lid margin. Anterior and posterior segments were normal in both the eyes. The computed tomography (CT) scan showed ruptured and retracted LR. On wound exploration, the proximal part of LR was not retrievable. The cut edge of the muscle stump at the insertion site was sutured to the intermuscular septa and tenons tissue. Post-operatively, diplopia decreased, abduction in right gaze improved dramatically, and eyes were orthophoric 1 year follow-up. Post-operative CT scan was reported to have the presence of intact LR muscle.

Study of abnormal foramen over the posterior arch of atlas vertebra / Estudio de forámen anormal sobre el arco posterior de la vértebra atlas

The aim of this research was to study the anatomical aspects of abnormal foramen over the posterior arch of atlas vertebra. Posterior arch of atlas vertebrae was studied for abnormal foramen in sixty-seven adult human atlas vertebrae and findings were noted. In 2.98 percent of cases, unilateral complete abnormal foramen on the posterior arch of atlas vertebra was found. Clinicians should be aware about this variation on posterior arch of atlas, which may produce headache, vertigo, vertebrobasilar insufficiency and shoulder pains.

El objetivo fue observar los aspectos anatómicos de un foramen anormal presente sobre el arco posterior del atlas. Se estudiaron 67 vértebras atlas de humanos adultos. En el 2,98 por ciento de los casos, se encontró un foramen unilateral anormal completo sobre el arco posterior del atlas. Los clínicos deben estar conscientes de esta variación anatómicaen , la cual podría producir cefalea, vértigo, insuficiencia vertebrobasilar y dolores en los hombros.

The Effect of Chemical (Glutraldehyde ) And Microwave Sterilization on Flexural Strength Autopolymerizing (PMMA ) Resings.

This Study evaluated the effect of disinfection methods on the Flexural Properties of Auto Polymerizing Resin. (Tooth Colored and Repair Resin). Specimens were exposed to microwaves for 15 min and 2 % Glutaraldehyde for 10 hours. Specimens stored in Water for 12 hours were used as control. For each procedure 10 specimens were used. The result indicated that changes in Flexural Strength observed were of no significance for both Tooth Colored and Repair Resin. The Microwave method is useful alternative to immersion disinfection having advantage of less time consumption.

Comparison of Efficacy of Glutaraldehyde And U.V. Light Disinfection And Their Effect On Dimensional Stability of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impressions - An IN-Vitro Study.

Dental impressions need to be washed and disinfected immediately after making, to control transfer of infectious diseases from saliva and blood of the patient to dentists and technicians. Since sterilization of impressions is not possible because of high temperature and time needed, disinfection is the method of choice. But disinfection process may sometimes affect the properties of impression material. This study has undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and effect of chemical and U.V light disinfection on poly vinyl siloxane impressions.

Guidelines On Infection Control In The Dental Laboratory.

Infection control in the dental laboratory is an essential part of dentistry and is no longer an option but a requirement. The dental laboratory has been shown to be an area of potential disease transmission between patients and dental health care personnel i.e., dentists, lab technicians etc. potential pathogens can be transported to laboratory through microbially soiled impressions, dental prostheses/appliances. The increased awareness of infectious diseases and the recognition of the potential for transmission of numerous infectious micro organisms during dental procedures has led to an increased concern for and attention to infection control, in diseases to consider. This article reviews various methods and precautions to be taken towards infection control in the dental laboratory.

The Effect of Chemical (Glutaraldehyde ) And Microwave Sterilization On Impact Strength of Autopolymerizing ( PMMA ) Resins.

This study evaluated the effect of sterilization methods on the Impact strength of a self cured resins. A 10 hours immersion in 2 % alkaline glutaraldehyde, 15 minute exposure to microwaves energy was employed as a sterilization procedure. Storage in water for 10 hours was used as control. For each procedure 10 specimens were used. Results indicated that impact strength of the two groups did not change significantly as compared to control. Microwave sterilization can be opted as effective method and time saving procedure than immersion in chemical solution.