Estudio por manometría esofágica de pacientes con enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, en Cuba / Esophagel manometry study of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, in Cuba

La Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesofágico es el resultado de varias situaciones, con un desequilibrio entre los factores defensivos y la integridad de la barrera antirreflujo. El diagnóstico se realiza por los elementos clínicos, la endoscopia, la histología y la pHmetría esofágica. La Manometría Esofágica nos permite co- nocer el estado de la barrera antirreflujo y los trastornos motores se asocian a estos pacientes, que facilitan el desarrollo de la enfermedad. En este trabajo se estudian las características de los factores de motilidad, a través de la manometría esofágica, en un grupo de pacientes, con Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroeso fágico.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease is the result of several situations, with an imbalance between the defensive factors, and the integrity of the antireflux barrier. Diagnosis is made by clinical, endoscopy, histology and esophageal pHmetry. Esophageal manometry allows us to understand the behavior of this barrier and the disease´s development. In this paper, we study the charactequeristics of motility factors, by esophageal manometry, in a group of patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Producción de juveniles de erizo rojo Strongylocentrotus franciscamus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) en Baja California, México / Juvenile production of the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Baja California, Mexico

The red sea urchin Strongylocentrotusfranciscanus (Agassiz 1863) is harvested commercially in Baja California, Mexico, since 1970; however, in the last ten years the capture per unit effort (CPUE) has decreased from 310 kg/fishing unit/day to 120 kg/fishing unit/day. For this reason, actions were taken to develop a culture technology allowing massive production of juveniles for re-stocking natural populations or for growing them commercially. We summarize some of the basic studies and main achievements in this effort. In Baja California, considerably faster larval development (approximately 21 days) has been attained than in the US northwest coast (62 days). Spawning of red sea urchins was routinely induced with KCI while egg fertilization was performed using a 100,000-sperm/ml solution. Six microalgae species were tested and Rhodomonas sp. produced the best larval development. The mean survival rate at the end of the larval period was 25%, but results varied widely with bactch. From the feed ratios tested, best results were obtained using 7000 cel/ml during the first week of larval development, followed by 10,000 cel/ml during the second and 15,000 cel/ml during the third week. KCl proved the most consistent metamorphic inducer, regularly yielding metamorphosis percentages higher than 90%. Metamorphosis was considered complete when the functional jaw that juveniles use for first benthic feeding appeared (as soon as 20 days after induction). With this method several thousands of red sea urchin juveniles were produced. They reached up to 1.5 mm in size during the first 50 days of culture after metamorphosis, showing the great potential for mass production of this species in the laboratory