Iontophoresis in ophthalmology: a review of the literature

Drug delivery to the inner part of the eye is still a problem in treatmentof ocular disease. Iontophoresis has been used in the field of medicine formany years. This technique consists of applying a weak electrical currentto drive charged drug molecules across tissue barriers. Transcornealiontophoresisdelivers a high concentration of drug to the anteriorsegment of the eye [cornea, aqueous humor, ciliary body, iris, and lens],for the treatment of anterior segment diseases. There are different types ofiontophoresis such as ophthalmic, transdermal, transungual, oral, buccal,and transnasal. The benefit of iontophoretic drug delivery in ophthalmologylays in its capacity to provide high drug tissue concentration safely,while minimizing the systemic drug exposure. This review summarizesbasics of ocular iontophoresis and iontophoretic device, trans cornealand transscleraliontophoresis, and the applications of iontophoresis inophthalmology

review of acute central serous chorioretinopathy

Central serous chorioretinopathy is a common cause of visual morbidity.It is characterized by idiopathic serous retinal detachment in macular orparamacular regions. The symptoms of the CSC include decreased vision,micropsia and metamorphopsia. The prognosis of the disease is good andalmost 90% of patients obtain visual recovery in a few months. However,in less than 5% of patients the chronic disease with poor prognosis isdeveloped.The acceptable approach is to observe patients with acute central serouschorioretinopathy, because central serous chorioretinopathy is selflimited.The pathophysiology of central serous chorioretinopathy is notclear and not well understood. Therefore, various medical treatmentshave been suggested such as propranolol, indomethacin, bevacizumab,acetazolamide, mifepristone, labetalol, etc. However, wait and watchwould be the most recommended management of the central serouschorioretinopathy

Ruptured Meckel's mesodiverticulum and Meckel's diverticulum following blunt abdominal trauma

To present a case of simultaneous rupture of Meckel's diverticulum and mesodiverticulum with abdominal pain following a blunt trauma to the abdomen, sustained during an automobile accident. Following a head-on automobile collision a 36-year-old man was referred to the emergency room with abdominal pain, guarding and rigidity and was taken to the operating theater with a preoperative impression of peritonitis due to rupture of a hollow viscus. Upon abdominal exploration, ruptured Meckel's diverticulum [from the base] and ileum with active bleeding from mesodiverticulum was found. The ileum was repaired in two layers: a segmental bowel resection including Meckel's diverticulum and the gastrointestinal tube anastomosed without any tension. The patient has a normal postoperative course. This case shows that a blunt abdominal trauma can tear the mesodiverticulum and rupture the Meckel's diverticular base simultaneously, resulting in hemoperitoneum and chemical peritonitis. Diagnosis and management of this type of injury are basically the same as those of acute surgical abdomen following trauma