Cáncer incidental de vesícula: incidencia y factores asociados en pacientes de una institución de la ciudad de Medellín / Incidental gallbladder cancer: Incidence and associated factors in patients from an institution in the city of Medellín

Introducción. El cáncer de vesícula biliar es una de las neoplasias más frecuentes de la vía biliar y la mayoría de los casos se diagnostican de forma incidental o en estadios avanzados. En Colombia existen pocas publicaciones acerca de la prevalencia y características clínicas de pacientes con cáncer insospechado de vesícula biliar. El objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la información existente. Métodos. Estudio de tipo transversal basado en registros médicos. Como variable de resultado se definió el hallazgo incidental de patología maligna reportado por un patólogo y el subtipo histológico. Se midieron variables demográficas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Se calcularon OR con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC95%). Resultados. De los 2630 casos analizados, en cuatro se hizo diagnóstico de cáncer incidental de vesícula, con una prevalencia del 0,15 %. Se encontraron como características asociadas al cáncer incidental de vesícula, la edad, el antecedente de cáncer y la presencia de pólipos. Conclusiones. Esta es una patología poco frecuente en la población evaluada, lo que permite afirmar que no es necesario realizar estudios prequirúrgicos más amplios de forma rutinaria, a menos que el paciente presente alguno de los factores asociados.

Introduction. Gallbladder cancer is one of the most common neoplasms of the bile duct and most cases are diagnosed incidentally or in advanced stages. In Colombia, there are few publications about the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with unsuspected gallbladder cancer. The objective of this work was to update the existing information. Methods. Cross-sectional study based on medical records. The incidental finding of malignant pathology reported and the histological subtype were defined as the outcome variable. Demographic, clinical and surgical variables were measured. ORs were calculated with their respective 95% CI. Results. Of the 2630 cases analyzed, four were diagnosed with incidental gallbladder cancer, with a prevalence of 0.15%. Characteristics associated with incidental gallbladder cancer were age, history of cancer and the presence of polyps. Conclusions. This is a rare pathology in the population evaluated, which allows us to recommend that it is not necessary to routinely perform more extensive presurgical studies, unless the patient presents any of the associated factors.

Craniectomía descompresiva en infarto de arteria cerebral media bilateral asociado a COVID-19. Reporte de caso / Decompressive Craniectomy in Bilateral Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction Associated with COVID-19: A Case Report

Resumen El nuevo síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus tipo 2 (SARS-CoV-2) que causa la enfermedad por COVID-19, se detectó por primera vez en diciembre de 2019. En donde se ha visto que existe un estado protrombótico con afección al sistema nervioso central, con afectación a vasos de gran calibre como la arteria cerebral media, se debe a mecanismos inducidos por la propia infección, estado de hipercoagulabilidad y daño endotelial. Las manifestaciones neurológicas en el COVID-19 se encuentran en el 36% de los pacientes. Descripción del caso: Se trata de un paciente del sexo masculino, de 36 años de edad, con fiebre, tos y malestar general, a quien se le realizó una prueba COVID que resultó positiva, con empeoramiento del cuadro al que se agregó fotofobia, hemiparesia derecha y desviación de la comisura labial hacia la izquierda, por lo que fue llevado a un facultativo 8 horas después del inicio del cuadro clínico. Ahí se realizó una tomografía de cráneo simple que evidenció infarto extenso de la arteria cerebral media izquierda, con edema cerebral maligno, el cual se derivó a manejo quirúrgico de urgencia donde se le realizó una craniectomía descompresiva izquierda extensa. Después de esto, se mantuvo con asistencia respiratoria por intubación mecánica y medidas antiedema cerebral, y se logró que hubiera progresión ventilatoria; sin embargo, se le realizó traqueostomía y gastrostomía por presentar malos predictores de extubación. Se mantuvo en observación posquirúrgica y quedó con hemiparesia 3/5 derecha, sin algún otro déficit, por lo que se dio egreso a domicilio. Discusión: El caso presentado fue manejado con craniectomía descompresiva extensa, y se obtuvo mejoría en la supervivencia y pronóstico funcional, al igual que lo reportado en la literatura médica, en donde se recomienda que dicho manejo se realice de forma temprana. Conclusiones: El presente informe nos revela que aquellos pacientes hombres jóvenes en la cuarta y quinta década de la vida, con COVID-19 e infarto de arteria cerebral media, se presentan sin comorbilidades al darse tratamiento temprano con hemicraniectomía descompresiva, el cual mejora su pronóstico de vida, concordando con los casos presentados en la literatura médica.

Abstract The new severe acute respiratory syndrome due to coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19 disease, was detected for the first time in December 2019. Where it has been seen that there is a prothrombotic state with involvement of the Central Nervous, with involvement of large vessels such as the middle cerebral artery, is due to mechanisms induced by the infection itself, hypercoagulable state and endothelial damage. Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 are found in 36% of patients. Case description: This is a 36-year-old male patient with fever, cough and general malaise. A COVID test was performed, which came out positive. His condition was getting worse adding photophobia, right hemiparesis and deviation of the corner of the mouth to the left, which is why he went to the doctor, arriving 8 hours after the onset of the clinical picture, where a simple skull tomography was performed, showing extensive infarction of the left middle cerebral artery with malignant cerebral edema. He was transferred to emergency surgical management where a left decompressive craniectomy was performed. After this, mechanical respiratory assistance with intubation and anti-cerebral edema measures were maintained, achieving ventilatory progression; however, a tracheostomy and gastrostomy were performed due to poor predictors of extubation. He was kept under post-surgical observation, leaving him with 3/5 right hemiparesis, without any other deficit, therefore, he was discharged home. Discussion: The case presented was managed with decompressive craniectomy, resulting in an improvement in survival, as reported in the literature where it is recommended that such management should be performed early. Conclusions: This report reveals that patients with COVID-19 present in young men in the fourth and fifth decade of life, without comorbidities, that recieved early treatment with decompressive hemicraniectomy, improved their life prognosis, consistent with the cases presented in the literature.

TIPS en pacientes cirróticos con trombosis venosa portal: una revisión de la literatura / TIPS in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis: A review of the literature

En los últimos años, la trombosis de la vena porta entre los pacientes cirróticos se ha comportado como una entidad reconocida y cada vez más estudiada, no solo por su creciente incidencia, sino por la asociación con gravedad y mal pronóstico en cirrosis. Asimismo, se hacen objeto de estudio las terapias disponibles para el manejo tanto médico como quirúrgico de estos pacientes, lo que ha dado un papel importante a la derivación portosistémica transyugular intrahepática (TIPS). El uso de TIPS en esta población se posiciona como una alternativa de manejo aceptable, no solo por brindar mejoría en las complicaciones derivadas de la hipertensión portal, sino también por sus resultados prometedores en diferentes estudios sobre el flujo y la recanalización portal, y por su perfil de seguridad. Sin embargo, la eficacia, los efectos adversos a largo plazo y el pronóstico de dicha intervención en la compleja fisiopatología de la cirrosis deben continuar en estudio. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los avances del uso de TIPS en el manejo de pacientes con cirrosis hepática y trombosis portal.

In recent years, portal vein thrombosis among cirrhotic patients has been a well-recognized and continuously studied entity, not only because of its increasing incidence but also because of its association with severity and poor prognosis in cirrhosis. Likewise, therapies available for both medical and surgical management in these patients are being studied, which has given an important role to the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The use of TIPS in this population is positioned as an acceptable management alternative, not only because it provides improvement in complications derived from portal hypertension, but also because of its promising results in different studies on portal flow and recanalization upgrade, and for its safety. However, the efficacy, long-term adverse effects, and prognosis of this intervention in the complex pathophysiology of cirrhosis must continue to be studied. The objective of this article is to review the advances in the use of TIPS in the management of patients with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis.

Cobalt Chloride as a Hypoxia Mimicking Agent Induced HIF-1α and mTOR Expressions of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the effects of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) as a hypoxia mimicking agent on human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) expression of HIF-1α and mTOR for use in regenerative dentistry. Material and Methods: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and then cultured. The characteristics of stemness were screened and confirmed by flow cytometry. The experiment was conducted on hypoxia (H) and normoxia (N) groups. Each group was divided and incubated into 24-, 48-, and 72-hours observations. Hypoxic treatment was performed using 100 µM CoCl2 on 5th passage cells in a conventional incubator (37°C; 5CO2). Then, immunofluorescence of HIF-1α and mTOR was done. Data was analyzed statistically using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. Results: Significant differences were found between normoxic and hypoxic groups on HIF-1α (p=0.015) and mTOR (p=0.000) expressions. The highest HIF-1α expression was found at 48 hours in the hypoxia group, while for mTOR at 24 hours in the hypoxia group. Conclusion: Hypoxia using cobalt chloride was able to increase human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells expression of HIF-1α and mTOR.

Acid challenge exacerbates activation of matrix metalloproteinases in permanent teeth undergoing radiotherapy

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acid challenge on the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the Dentinoenamel junction of primary and permanent teeth submitted to radiotherapy. For this purpose, a total of 178 dental fragments obtained from molars were used, and randomly divided into 2 groups (primary and permanent teeth) / 4 experimental subgroups (irradiated and non-irradiated, demineralized and non-demineralized). The fragments were exposed to radiation, with a dose fraction of 2 Gy, for 5 consecutive days, until a total dose of 60 Gy was reached, with a total of 30 cycles, for 6 weeks. To determine the activity of MMPs on the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ), in situ zymography assays on 0.6mm dental fragments were performed. To assess whether MMP activity would be impacted by an acidic environment, the fragments were placed in a demineralizing solution (pH of 4.8). The finding was that irradiation activated MMPs in DEJ and these effects were more evident in permanent when compared with primary teeth. When the effect of an acid challenge on MMPs activity was investigated, demineralization was observed not to increase MMPs activity in non-irradiated teeth, but it did increase MMPs activity in irradiated teeth. In conclusion, an acid challenge was found to exacerbate activation of MMPs in DEJ of permanent teeth submitted to irradiation, but not in primary teeth.

Adsorptive Therapies in Sepsis and Inflammation: Description of the Various Adsorptive Techniques and their Failure to Improve Outcomes

ABSTRACT Blood purification as an adjunctive therapy has been studied for several decades. In this review, we will focus on the most recent studies, particularly on adsorption techniques. These include hemofilters with adsorptive membranes, both endotoxin-specific and non-specific. In addition, we will discuss sorbents that target endotoxins, as well as devices that non-selectively capture viruses and bacteria. For each technique, we will also explore the reasons why blood purification methods have thus far failed to improve survival. Conventionally, reasons for the lack of success in blood purification techniques have been attributed to the need for better patient stratification through bedside measurements of interleukins and endotoxins. The choice of assay is also crucial, with endotoxin activity assays being preferable to other forms of limulus amoebocyte lysate assays. Another critical factor is timing, as administering blood purification at the wrong moment can potentially harm the patient. Mechanistic studies are still lacking for most devices, leaving us to treat patients blindly, except in endotoxin cases. In the context of viruses, especially COVID-19, we require a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in viral replication, as this could significantly impact the efficacy of blood purification techniques. The failures highlighted for each device should be viewed as potential areas for improvement. Despite the challenges, we remain hopeful that these techniques will eventually succeed and prove beneficial in the future.

Comportamiento Mecánico de un Premolar Humano Sano Sometido a Fuerzas Funcionales y Disfuncionales en un MEF / Mechanical Behavior of a Healthy Human Premolar Subjected to Functional and Dysfunctional Forces in a FEM

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar el comportamiento mecánico de la estructura dental sana de un primer premolar inferior humano sometido a fuerzas funcionales y disfuncionales en diferentes direcciones. Se buscó comprender, bajo las variables contempladas, las zonas de concentración de esfuerzos que conllevan al daño estructural de sus constituyentes y tejidos adyacentes. Se realizó el modelo 3D de la reconstrucción de un archivo TAC de un primer premolar inferior, que incluyó esmalte, dentina, ligamento periodontal y hueso alveolar considerando tres variables: dirección, magnitud y área de la fuerza aplicada. La dirección fue dirigida en tres vectores (vertical, tangencial y horizontal) bajo cuatro magnitudes, una funcional de 35 N y tres disfuncionales de 170, 310 y 445 N, aplicadas sobre un área de la cara oclusal y/o vestibular del premolar que involucró tres contactos estabilizadores (A, B y C) y dos paradores de cierre. Los resultados obtenidos explican el fenómeno de combinar tres vectores, cuatro magnitudes y un área de aplicación de la fuerza, donde los valores de esfuerzo efectivo equivalente Von Mises muestran valores máximos a partir de los 60 MPa. Los valores de tensión máximos se localizan, bajo la carga horizontal a 170 N y en el proceso masticatorio en la zona cervical, cuando la fuerza pasa del 60 %. Sobre la base de los hallazgos de este estudio, se puede concluir que la reacción de los tejidos a fuerzas funcionales y disfuncionales varía de acuerdo con la magnitud, dirección y área de aplicación de la fuerza. Los valores de tensión resultan ser más altos bajo la aplicación de fuerzas disfuncionales tanto en magnitud como en dirección, produciendo esfuerzos tensiles significativos para la estructura dental y periodontal cervical, mientras que, bajo las cargas funcionales aplicadas en cualquier dirección, no se generan esfuerzos lesivos. Esto supone el reconocimiento del poder de detrimento estructural del diente y periodonto frente al bruxismo céntrico y excéntrico.

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanical behavior of the healthy dental structure of a human mandibular first premolar subjected to functional and dysfunctional forces in different directions. It was sought to understand, under the contemplated variables, the areas of stress concentration that lead to structural damage of its constituents and adjacent tissues. The 3D model of the reconstruction of a CT file of a lower first premolar was made, which included enamel, dentin, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone considering three variables: direction, magnitude and area of the applied force. The direction was directed in three vectors (vertical, tangential and horizontal) under four magnitudes, one functional of 35 N and three dysfunctional of 170, 310 and 445 N, applied to an area of the occlusal and/or buccal face of the premolar that involved three stabilizing contacts (A, B and C) and two closing stops. The results obtained explain the phenomenon of combining three vectors, four magnitudes and an area of force application, where the values of effective equivalent Von Mises stress show maximum values from 60 MPa. The maximum tension values are located under the horizontal load at 170 N and in the masticatory process in the cervical area, when the force exceeds 60%. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the reaction of tissues to functional and dysfunctional forces varies according to the magnitude, direction, and area of application of the force. The stress values turn out to be higher under the application of dysfunctional forces both in magnitude and in direction, producing significant tensile stresses for the dental and cervical periodontal structure, while under functional loads applied in any direction, no damaging stresses are generated. This supposes the recognition of the power of structural detriment of the tooth and periodontium against centric and eccentric bruxism.

Statin and aspirin use in parasitic infections as a potential therapeutic strategy: A narrative review / Uso de estatinas y aspirina en infecciones parasitarias como potencial estrategia terapéutica: Una revisión narrativa

Resumen Las infecciones, incluyendo las zoonosis, constituyen una amenaza a la salud humana debido a la diseminación de patógenos resistentes. Estas enfermedades generan una respuesta inflamatoria controlada por un mecanismo de resolución, en el que participan moléculas especializadas derivadas de lípidos de membrana llamadas lipoxinas, resolvinas, maresinasios o que puede prevenir la derivación hacia cursos crónicos, dañinos para el hospedero. En esta revisión se presenta una puesta al día sobre el uso de estatinas o aspirina para el manejo experimental de infecciones parasitarias, como enfermedad de Chagas, leishmaniasis, toxo-plasmosis y malaria. Se hizo una revisión narrativa, buscando artículos originales de los últimos siete anos, se encontraron 38 que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. De acuerdo con las publicaciones consultadas, la resolución de la inflamación modulada mediante estatinas podría ser un adyuvante en la terapia de enfermedades parasitarias. Por otro lado, no se observó una evidencia experimental fuerte con respecto al uso de aspirina, por lo que se recomiendan más estudios para evaluar su rol en el proceso de resolución de la inflamación en enfermedades infecciosas.

Toxicidad pulmonar secundaria a bleomicina. Reporte de un caso / Pulmonary Toxicity Secondary to Bleomycin. A Case Report

La toxicidad pulmonar por antineoplásicos es muy variable dependiente del grupo far-macológico; la bleomicina es uno de los medicamentos en los que se ha reportado este evento. Este citostático puede lesionar el endotelio pulmonar y el epitelio alveolar para llevar a un proceso inflamatorio y fibrótico del intersticio con repercusiones potencial-mente fatales.A continuación, se presenta un caso de enfermedad intersticial tipo neumonía organi-zada asociada a bleomicina en un paciente de 68 años con diagnóstico linfoma Hodg-kin clásico de tipo esclerosis nodular, con estudio imagenológico normal previo al tratamiento

Antineoplastic pulmonary toxicity is highly variable depending on the pharmacological group; bleomycin is one of the drugs in which this event has been reported. This cyto-static can injure the pulmonary endothelium and the alveolar epithelium to lead to an in-flammatory and fibrotic process of the interstitium with potentially fatal repercussions. The following is a case of interstitial disease type organizing pneumonia associated with bleomycin in a 68-year-old patient diagnosed with classical Hodgkin lymphoma of nodular sclerosis type, with imaging study prior to normal treatment

El síndrome del túnel carpiano y su abordaje terapéutico / Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and its Therapeutic Approach

Introducción: El síndrome del túnel carpiano es una de las causas más frecuentes de dolor crónico, su mayor incidencia está entre la quinta y sexta década de la vida; en Colombia tiene una alta incidencia, llegando al 14 por ciento especialmente en cierto grupo de trabajadores. El abordaje terapéutico incluye tratamiento médico y quirúrgico; en la actualidad ha sido ampliamente discutida la elección entre método endoscópico y cirugía abierta como primera línea de tratamiento. Objetivo: Desarrollar una revisión acerca de los aspectos clínicos y las diferentes opciones de abordaje terapéutico del síndrome del túnel carpiano a través de una exploración de la literatura científica existente. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect y Lilacs con las palabras clave indexadas en el DeCS. Conclusión: El síndrome de túnel carpiano es una entidad común con un impacto clínico importante en la vida del paciente, su sintomatología y sus complicaciones afectan las actividades diarias de quien lo padece; el abordaje terapéutico de esta enfermedad se establece comúnmente de forma escalonada, el abordaje quirúrgico es un tema ampliamente discutido; sin embargo, no hay evidencia contundente que establezca una de las opciones quirúrgicas como la definitiva(AU)

Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most frequent causes of chronic pain, with its highest incidence between the fifth and sixth decades of life; in Colombia, it has a high incidence, reaching 14 percent especially in a certain group of workers. The therapeutic approach includes medical and surgical treatment; currently, the choice between the endoscopic method or open surgery as the first line of treatment has been widely discussed. Objective: To develop a review of the clinical aspects and the different options of therapeutic approach for carpal tunnel syndrome, through an exploration of the existing scientific literature. Methods: A search was carried out in the SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Lilacs databases, using the keywords indexed in the DeCS. Conclusion: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common entity with an important clinical impact on the patient's life; its symptomatology and complications affect the daily activities of those who suffer from it. The therapeutic approach to this disease is commonly established in a stepwise manner; the surgical approach is a widely discussed topic. However, there is no conclusive evidence that establishes one of the surgical options as the definitive one/AU)

Nivel de adaptación y ansiedad en adultos mayores durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en Tepetitlán, Hidalgo / Level of adaptation and anxiety in older adults during confinement due to COVID-19 in Tepetitlan, Hidalgo

Objetivo: Examinar la relación que existe entre el nivel de adaptación y la ansiedad durante el confinamiento por la pandemia COVID-19 en adultos mayores residentes del municipio de Tepetitlan. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado de noviembre de 2021 a marzo de 2022 en una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 170 adultos de 60 años y más. De acuerdo con lo señalado por la declaración de Helsinki y la ley general de salud en materia de investigación, se obtuvo la aprobación del comité de ética en investigación de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo así como el consentimiento informado, a partir de lo cual se aplicó una cedula de datos sociodemográficos. Para conocer el nivel de ansiedad de los participantes se empleó el inventario de ansiedad de Beck. Se utilizó el instrumento de adaptación de adulto mayor activo, que evalúa la adaptación en relación con los siguientes modos o dimensiones: fisiológico, función del rol, interdependencia y autoconcepto. Para estimar la relación entre las variables de interés se empleó la prueba de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 70 años (± 7.6 años). Más de la mitad de los participantes fueron del sexo femenino (62.9%). Se observó una correlación alta y estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de adaptación y la ansiedad de los adultos mayores (rho=0.61; valor p=.000). Conclusión: Los resultados indican que el nivel de adaptación de los adultos mayores durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 probablemente se relaciona con su nivel de ansiedad.

Objective: To examine the relationship between the level of adaptation and anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic confinement in older adult residents of the municipality of Tepatitlan. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from November 2021 to March 2022 in a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 170 adults aged 60 years and older. In accordance with the Helsinki declaration and the general health law on research, the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo was obtained, as well as informed consent, from which a sociodemographic data form was applied. The Beck anxiety inventory was used to determine the level of anxiety of the participants. The active older adult coping instrument was used, which evaluates coping in relation to the following modes or dimensions: physiological, role function, interdependence and self-concept. Spearman's correlation test was used to estimate the relationship between the variables of interest. Results: The average age was 70 years (± 7.6 years). More than half of the participants were female (62.9%). A high and statistically significant correlation was observed between the level of adaptation and anxiety in older adults (rho=0.61; p-value=.000). Conclusion: The results indicate that the level of adaptation of older adults during COVID-19 confinement is probably related to their level of anxiety.

Aplicación del Modelo de Adaptación de Roy en el contexto comunitario / Applying Roy's adaptation model to a community context

Introducción. Este artículo proporciona un aporte importante desde la aplicación del Modelo de Adaptación de Callista Roy a grupos. Objetivo. Promover comportamientos adaptativos a través de estrategias de atención primaria en salud dirigidas a un grupo de adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica que habitan en un municipio del departamento de Cundinamarca Colombia; Materiales y Métodos. Abordaje cualitativo tipo investigación-acción participativa. La enfermera utilizó la observación participante, y caracterizó la comunidad; además, con preguntas exploratorias les permitió reconocer sus problemas y proponer estrategias de mejora, incluso para su propia salud; posteriormente se aplicó el proceso de atención de enfermería. Resultados. Se logró valorar el comportamiento del grupo a través de los modos físico, auto-concepto o identidad grupal, la función del rol o unidad de funcionamiento de la sociedad e integridad social y la interdependencia o contexto social en el que funciona el grupo. Discusión. Aplicar el Modelo en la práctica permite reconocer situaciones negativas en los grupos para favorecer procesos de afrontamiento innovadores y controlar los estímulos ambientales en el contexto comunitario. Las habilidades en la valoración deben ser agudas ya que son la clave para la aplicación del modelo de Roy en la práctica comunitaria. Conclusiones. Se identificaron los estímulos que desencadenan los principales problemas de adaptación y se implementó un plan de cuidado con el desarrollo de estrategias para la adaptación, tales como la visita domiciliaria, encuentros intergeneracionales, participación comunitaria con grupos de apoyo creados por la municipalidad y la educación en salud con el fin de promover la adaptación del grupo.

Introduction: This article is an important contribution to the application of Callista Roy's Adaptation Model to groups. Objective: To promote adaptive behaviors through primary health care strategies for a group of chronically ill older adults living in a municipality in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Materials and methods: A qualitative participatory action research approach was used. A nurse used participant observation and characterized the community; besides, with exploratory questions, the nurse enabled them to identify their problems and suggest strategies for improvement, including for their own health. Subsequently, the nursing care process was applied. Results: Group behavior was assessed through the following modes of adaptation: physiologic adaptation, self-concept or group identity, role-function adaptation or unit of social functioning and social integrity, and interdependence adaptation or social context in which the group functions. Discussion: Applying Roy's model in practice makes it possible to identify negative situations in groups, promote innovative coping processes, and control environmental stimuli in a community. Assessment skills must be sharp, as they are key to applying Roy's model to community practice. Conclusions: The stimuli that trigger the main adaptation problems were identified, and a nursing care plan was implemented developing adaptation strategies, such as home visits, intergenerational meetings, community participation with support groups created by the municipality, and health education, to promote group adaptation.

Introdução. Este artigo oferece uma contribuição importante da aplicação do Modelo de Adaptação de Callista Roy a grupos. Objetivo. Promover comportamentos adaptativos por meio de estratégias de atenção primária à saúde voltadas para um grupo de idosos com doenças crônicas que vivem em um município do departamento de Cundinamarca, Colômbia; Materiais e métodos. Abordagem de pesquisa de ação participativa qualitativa. A enfermeira utilizou a observação participante e caracterizou a comunidade; além disso, perguntas exploratórias permitiram que eles reconhecessem seus problemas e propusessem estratégias de melhoria, inclusive para sua própria saúde; posteriormente, foi aplicado o processo de assistência de enfermagem. Resultados. Foi possível avaliar o comportamento do grupo por meio de modos físicos, autoconceito ou identidade do grupo, função do papel ou unidade de funcionamento da sociedade e integridade social e interdependência ou contexto social no qual o grupo funciona. Discussão. A aplicação do Modelo na prática permite o reconhecimento de situações negativas em grupos para favorecer processos inovadores de enfrentamento e controlar os estímulos ambientais no contexto da comunidade. As habilidades de avaliação devem estar afiadas, pois são a chave para a aplicação do Modelo de Roy na prática comunitária. Conclusões. Os estímulos que desencadeiam os principais problemas de enfrentamento foram identificados e um plano de cuidados foi implementado com o desenvolvimento de estratégias de enfrentamento, como visitas domiciliares, encontros intergeracionais, participação comunitária com grupos de apoio criados pelo município e educação em saúde para promover o enfrentamento em grupo.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AMONG INFREQUENT AND REGULAR REPEAT WHOLE BLOOD DONORS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE-A PILOT STUDY

Blood transfusion service is a vital part of our health care system. Stringent blood donor screening and medical examination plays a vital role in maintaining the quality and safety of blood components. Voluntary non-remunerated blood donors form the backbone of blood transfusion services. However, regular donation by such voluntary donors may cause significant depletion of iron stores in the body. This has the potential to adversely affect the donor's health, and also to lower the quality of blood being collected subsequently. Even though a pre-donation hemoglobin estimation is routinely done in blood centres, it may fail to recognize subclinical iron store depletion. Testing Ferritin level of all donors is not cost effective and practical in resource limited centres. This study was aimed to identify any significant changes in hematological parameters over repeated blood donations, that may point towards a potential Iron deficiency in an otherwise healthy donor. This was a cross sectional study involving 138 whole blood donors who had attended the blood centre, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Government Medical college, Thiruvananthapuram. The study subjects were categorized into 2 groups based on the number of donations and a Complete blood count (CBC) was done for each group. Data was analyzed using SPSS software, quantitative variables expressed as Mean and Standard Deviation, p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results were analysed by Independent Samples T test. Statistically significant variables were further analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test. Second time blood donors constituted major part of sample size (20/138). Mean Hemoglobin value showed no significant change among the two donor categories. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of repeat whole blood donors is significantly lower than infrequent donors independent samples T test, tvalue=3.309. (p-value=0.001). Donors were further subdivided into 5 groups in the order of increasing number of donations and significant difference was observed in MCV and proved by Kruskal-Wallis test(H=19.1344) As per our study, a significant reduction in MCV among repeat donors with a normal hemoglobin value compared to infrequent donors. This might point towards an impending Iron deficiency anemia in near future. A prompt detection of subclinical iron deficiency in voluntary blood donors is the need of the hour since it can cause adverse consequences in donor health and can considerably lower the donor availability as well. Blood centres should take measures like routine Iron stores evaluation of regular repeat donors, educating donors regarding the importance of maintaing a healthy diet, Iron tablet supplementation to prevent donor Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) etc.

Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Development: An Integrative Literature Review / Consecuencias en el desarrollo infantil derivadas de la pandemia por covid-19: revisión integrativa de literatura / Consequências no desenvolvimento infantil derivadas da pandemia de COVID-19: revisão integrativa da literatura

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic reduced the possibilities of generating stimulating spaces for children's development, as all the systems with which a child interacts during this phase were affected. Objective: To identify the existing scientific evidence about the effects on child development in children aged less than 5 years old that were living with their parents while the social distancing measures adopted due to COVID-19 were in force. Method: An integrative review guided by the framework proposed by Whittemore and Knafl and the PRISMA statement, to consult the following databases: Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus and SciELO, with a search performed in English using these descriptors: "child development," "growth and development," "parenting," "teleworking," "infant care," "home nursing," "social isolation," "coronavirus infections," and "COVID-19." The eligibility criteria were as follows: quantitative or qualitative studies that addressed the direct effects of the pandemic on children aged less than 5 years old; in turn, the exclusion criteria corresponded to articles with a population comprised of children with diagnosed developmental disorders or disabilities. Results: A total of 17 articles were included, whose findings were classified into the following categories: Exposure to risk stimuli, Deprivation of stimuli, and Exposure to protective stimuli. It is revealed that parental stress, absence of games and lower exposure to interactions that promote development are connected to changes in cognitive, emotional, and learning processing, in addition to exerting a negative impact on motor and language development. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that social distancing can be the main cause for the onset of delays in child development, in its motor, language, cognitive, and socioemotional areas.

Introducción: la pandemia por la covid-19 disminuyó las posibilidades de generar espacios estimulantes para el desarrollo de los niños, puesto que todos los sistemas con los que interactúa un niño en desarrollo se vieron impactados. Objetivo: identificar la evidencia científica que hay sobre los efectos en el desarrollo infantil en menores de 5 años que convivieron con sus padres y madres durante las medidas de distanciamiento social tomadas por causa de la covid-19. Método: revisión integrativa guiada por el marco propuesto por Whittemore y Knafl, y The Prisma Statement, para consultar las bases de datos: Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus y Scielo, con una búsqueda realizada en inglés, utilizando los descriptores: "child development", "growth and development", "parenting", "teleworking", "infant care", "home nursing", "social isolation", "coronavirus infections", "COVID-19". Los criterios de elegibilidad: estudios cuantitativos o cualitativos que abordaran los efectos directos de la pandemia en niños menores de 5 años; y de exclusión: artículos con población de niñez con trastornos del desarrollo diagnosticados o discapacidad. Resultados: fueron incluidos 17 artículos, cuyos hallazgos se clasifican en las categorías: exposición a estímulos de riesgo, privación de estímulos y exposición a estímulos protectores. Se revela que el estrés parental, la ausencia de juego y una menor exposición a interacciones promotoras del desarrollo se vinculan con alteraciones en el procesamiento cognitivo, emocional y de aprendizaje, y tuvieron un impacto negativo en el desarrollo motriz y del lenguaje. Conclusión: la evidencia sugiere que el distanciamiento social puede ser la causa principal en la aparición de retrasos en el desarrollo infantil, en sus áreas: motriz, de lenguaje, cognitivo y socioemocional.

Introdução: a pandemia de COVID-19 diminuiu as possibilidades de criar espaços estimulantes para o desenvolvimento das crianças, uma vez que todos os sistemas com os quais uma criança em desenvolvimento interage foram afetados. Objetivo: identificar a evidência científica sobre os efeitos no desenvolvimento infantil das crianças com menos de 5 anos que viveram com os pais durante as medidas de distanciamento social adoptadas devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Método: revisão integrativa orientada pelo quadro proposto por Whittemore e Knafl, e The PRISMA Statement, para consultar as seguintes bases de dados: Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus e SciELO, com uma pesquisa efetuada em inglês, utilizando os descritores: "child development", "growth and development", "parenting", "teleworking", "infant care", "home nursing", "social isolation", "coronavirus infections", "COVID-19". Critérios de elegibilidade: estudos quantitativos ou qualitativos que abordem os efeitos diretos da pandemia em crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade; e critérios de exclusão: artigos com uma população de crianças com distúrbios de desenvolvimento diagnosticados ou deficiência. Resultados: foram incluídos 17 artigos, cujos resultados se enquadram nas categorias: exposição a estímulos de risco, privação de estímulos e exposição a estímulos protetores. Verificou-se que o stress parental, a ausência de brincadeiras e a menor exposição a interações de apoio ao desenvolvimento estavam associados a alterações no processamento cognitivo, emocional e de aprendizagem, e tinham um impacto negativo no desenvolvimento motor e da linguagem. Conclusão: os dados sugerem que o distanciamento social pode ser a principal causa de atrasos no desenvolvimento da criança nas áreas motora, linguística, cognitiva e socioemocional.

Mejoramiento de un método no comercial para la extracción de ADN de moscas de interés médico-legal

La obtención de ADN de moscas de interés médico-legal es de relevancia para una variedad de aplicaciones. Aunque existen métodos de extracción comerciales de ADN, su uso rutinario es limitado, en algunos escenarios. En este contexto, el uso de métodos no comerciales constituye una alternativa; sin embargo, su optimización es clave para mejorar el flujo de trabajo y los resultados. Este trabajo evaluó el impacto de variaciones a un método de precipitación salina sobre la concentración y la pureza del ADN recuperado. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la concentración de ADN extraído entre los diferentes tiempos de incubación, probados durante la fase de extracción, mientras que el incremento en el volumen de etanol absoluto, en la fase de precipitación de ADN, mejoró significativamente la concentración de ADN obtenido. Las modificaciones propuestas reducen el tiempo de ejecución y la concentración de ADN obtenido comparado con el protocolo original.

Obtaining DNA from flies of medico-legal interest is relevant for a variety of applications. Although commercial extraction methods offer optimal DNA, their routine use is limited in some settings. In this context, the use of non-commercial methods constitutes an alternative in laboratories with limited resources however, its optimization is key to improving the workflow and the results. This work evaluated the impact of variations to a saline precipitation method on the concentration and purity of the recovered DNA. No significant differences were found in the concentration of extracted DNA between the different incubation times tested during the extraction phase. In contrast, the increased volume of absolute ethanol in the DNA precipitation phase significantly improved the concentration of DNA obtained. The proposed modifications reduce the runtime and DNA concentration obtained compared with the original protocol.

Pathological changes in Kidney Autopsies from North Maharashtra –A Descriptive Study

Background: Chronic Kidney disease is a major public health concern. In India, the burden of chronic Kidney disease cannot be assessed properly. In such case autopsy study becomes an indispensible part of Medicine. Aim: To explore the spectrum of changes seen in kidneys and correla?ng it with clinical findings. Material & Methods: A descrip?ve study of kidneys of Medico legal autopsies from January 2019 – December 2019 was conducted. A total of 665 Medico legal autopsies were received, in 73 cases kidneys were not received, while 23 kidneys had autoly?c change. A total of 569 Kidneys were included in the study. The Gross and Microscopic features along with special stains were studied and the cause of death was noted. Results: A total of 569 kidney autopsies were assessed. On Gross 26% were congested, 13% had contracted granular kidney. On Histopathological examina?on, Non specific changes were seen in 53.4%, specific nephropathological lesions noted were chronic pyelonephri?s (8.9%), acute tubular necrosis (5.6%), sickle cell nephropathy (4.7%), tubercular nephri?s (1.2%). Conclusion: Infec?ve e?ology was the commonest cause, along with sickle cell nephropathy. It has provided the spectrum of lesions seen in this area along with correla?on of cause of death. Screening for diabetes mellitus and hypertension would lead to early detec?on and ?mely management which would reduce chronic kidney diseases.

Gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 in a Colombian population. A cross-sectional study

Introduction: gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 occurs in approximately 20% of patients and may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea or abnormal liver function tests. In our country, the characteristics of gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients have not been studied. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19 treated at two hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia. To determine the association between COVID-19 gastrointestinal involvement and length of hospital stay, severity and mortality. Design and methodology: a cross-sectional study carried out at two hospitals in a hospital subnetwork in Bogotá, Colombia from February 2020 to March 2021. Results: a total of 1,176 patients with a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included. Gastrointestinal manifestations occurred in 50% (95%CI 47-52%), with the most frequent being diarrhea in 18.4%, odynophagia in 17.6%, anorexia in 14.7% and abdominal pain in 8.8%. An association was found between diarrhea during hospitalization and prolonged hospitalization (OR 1.93 95%CI 1.19-3.13), and between gastrointestinal bleeding on admission and death (OR 3.13, 95%CI 1.1-9.1), among others. Abnormal liver function tests occurred in 46% (95%CI 43-49%) and were more frequent in patients with severe disease and those who died. Conclusions: the prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with COVID-19 was 50%. Diarrhea was associated with a longer hospital stay, and gastrointestinal bleeding was associated with respiratory failure and death. Forty-six percent of patients had abnormal liver function tests, with elevated transaminases being the most frequent. Elevated aspartate transaminase (AST) on admission was associated with greater mortality. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2729).