miR-132 and miR-942 Expression Levels in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled Study

Objective@#Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disease with high genetic transition, our knowledge about the mechanism of the disease is limited. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the levels of miR-132-3p and miR-942-5p that are associated with the dopamine carrier protein gene (DAT1) and dopamine receptor 5 (DRD5) genes, which have been shown to play a role in the development of ADHD. @*Methods@#According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, 50 children diagnosed with ADHD and 48 healthy controls were included in the study. Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview Schedule-Now and Lifetime Version-Turkish Adaptation was used to evaluate ADHD and the diagnoses accompanying ADHD. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to evaluate miR-132-3p and miR-942-5p expression levels. @*Results@#It was observed that miR-132-3p level (p = 0.001) was significantly higher with children with ADHD compared to the control group, and the level of miR-942-5p (p = 0.181) was higher in ADHD but did not reach statistically significant level. @*Conclusion@#In our study, we found that the increase in the miR-132-3p levels of children with ADHD may be a therapeutic target of the disease.

miR-132 and miR-942 Expression Levels in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled Study

Objective@#Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disease with high genetic transition, our knowledge about the mechanism of the disease is limited. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the levels of miR-132-3p and miR-942-5p that are associated with the dopamine carrier protein gene (DAT1) and dopamine receptor 5 (DRD5) genes, which have been shown to play a role in the development of ADHD. @*Methods@#According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, 50 children diagnosed with ADHD and 48 healthy controls were included in the study. Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview Schedule-Now and Lifetime Version-Turkish Adaptation was used to evaluate ADHD and the diagnoses accompanying ADHD. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to evaluate miR-132-3p and miR-942-5p expression levels. @*Results@#It was observed that miR-132-3p level (p = 0.001) was significantly higher with children with ADHD compared to the control group, and the level of miR-942-5p (p = 0.181) was higher in ADHD but did not reach statistically significant level. @*Conclusion@#In our study, we found that the increase in the miR-132-3p levels of children with ADHD may be a therapeutic target of the disease.

Methylphenidate Induced Lip and Tongue Biting

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a life-long neurodevelopmental disorder and treatment depends on pharmacotherapy because of its biological origin. Stimulant drugs are the most commonly used treatment for ADHD and they have various side effects. Herein, we report a case who bit off the tip of her tongue with Osmotic Release Oral System methylphenidate (OROS MPH) 36 mg/day, bit the tip of her lower lip with immediate release (IR) MPH 10 mg/day and lateral part of her tongue with IR MPH 20 mg/day. A diagnosis of epilepsy was unlikely because of the normal neurological examination and electroencephalography findings. This case was considered as an atypical side effect of MPH such as perseverative/compulsive behaviours and movement disorders. Clinicians should be aware of that stimulant medications may cause lip and tongue biting behavior and this may effect treatment compliance tremendously.

Ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin levels in sleep apnea syndrome: role of obesity

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among plasma leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin levels, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [OSAS]. Fifty-five consecutive newly diagnosed OSAS patients and 15 age-matched nonapneic controls were enrolled in this study. After sleep study between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM on the morning, venous blood was obtained in the fasting state to measure ghrelin and adipokines. Serum ghrelin levels of OSAS group were significantly [P<0.05] higher than those of the control group. No significant difference was noted in the levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in OSAS group when compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation between ghrelin and apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] [r=0.237, P<0.05] or the Epworth sleepiness scale [ESS] [r=0.28, P<0.05]. There was also a significant positive correlation between leptin and body mass index [r=0.592, P<0.0001]. No significant correlation was observed between leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and any polysomnographic parameters. Our findings demonstrated that serum ghrelin levels were higher in OSAS patients than those of control group and correlated with AHI and ESS. Further studies are needed to clarify the complex relation among OSAS, obesity, adipokines, and ghrelin

Can clinical factors be determinants of bone metastases in non-small cell lung cancer?

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlations among symptoms, laboratory findings of bone metastasis and whole body bone scanning [WBBS] and the frequency of occurrence of bone metastases. Hundred and six patients who were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC] between June 2001 and September 2005 were investigated retrospectively. Bone pain, detection of bone tenderness on physical examination, hypercalcemia and increased serum alkaline phosphatase were accepted clinical factors of bone metastases. Presence of multiple asymmetric lesions in WBBS was also accepted as bone metastases. Subjects whose clinical factors and WBBS indicated doubtful bone metastases were evaluated with magnetic resonance and/or biopsy. Occurrence of bone metastases was 31.1% among all patients. Bone metastases were determined in 21 [52.5%] of 40 patients who had at least one clinical factor. Asymptomatic bone metastases without any clinical factors were established in 11.3% of all NSCLC patients and 15.3% of 26 operable patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the clinical factors of bone metastases were 63.6, 73.9, 52.5, 81.8 and 70.7% respectively. There was no significant relationship between histologic type and bone metastases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of WBBS in detection of bone metastases were 96.9, 86.3, 76.2, 98.4, 89.6% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the clinical factors of bone metastases are quite low. Routine WBBS prevented futile thoracotomies. Therefore, routine WBBS should be performed in all NSCLC patients, even in the absence of bone-specific clinical factors