High serum and urine neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin levels are independent predictors of renal progression in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Tubulointerstitial injury plays an important role in the progression of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is among the most sensitive tubular biomarkers. We investigated whether serum or urine NGAL predicts prognosis in patients with IgAN. METHODS: The present study enrolled patients with biopsy-proven IgAN from January 2005 to December 2010, whose serum and urine samples at the time of kidney biopsy were preserved by freezing. We retrospectively reviewed patient clinical data and followed patients until October 2012. Serum and urine NGAL levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Renal progression was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate decline by > 50% or progression to end-stage renal disease. RESULTS: There were 121 patients enrolled in this study. During the median follow-up period of 41.49 months, renal progression was found in nine patients (7.4%). Serum or urine NGAL alone could not predict renal progression; however, when serum and urine NGAL levels were combined, belonging to the high NGAL group independently predicted renal progression (hazard ratio [HR], 5.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42 to 21.73; p = 0.014), along with tubular damage graded according to the Oxford classification as T2 (HR, 8.79; 95% CI, 2.01 to 38.51; p = 0.004). In addition, a Kaplan-Meier curve of renal survival showed significantly higher renal progression in patients in the high NGAL group (log rank, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with IgAN, high serum and urine NGAL levels at the time of kidney biopsy predict renal progression.

Pyeloduodenal Fistula Successfully Treated By Endoscopic Ligation without Surgical Nephrectomy: Case Report

A 74-yr-old woman presented with fever and abdominal discomfort. She was in a septic condition caused by urinary tract infection. Her computed tomogram of the abdomen revealed features of hydronephrosis with ureteral stones in both kidneys. During percutaneous nephrostomies, right pyeloduodenal fistula (PDF) was diagnosed. Elective surgery was originally planned but the patient was in a poor condition to undergo surgery. Instead, 2 times endoscopic clipping and ligation by endoloop were applied with parenteral antibiotics for the fistula lesion. On admission day 30, she was discharged from the hospital after confirmation of no more contrast leakage on fistulography. We reviewed the literature and discuss the etiologies, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of PDF.

Significance of residual renal function for phosphate control in chronic hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare mineral metabolism between anuric and nonanuric chronic hemodialysis patients, and determine the differences in phosphate control between the two groups. METHODS: A total of 77 chronic hemodialysis patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study from January 2012 to February 2012. Patient demographics, laboratory findings, medication histories, and vascular calcification scores were collected. We divided the patients into anuric and nonanuric groups according to the residual renal function and then compared their clinical features. Multivariate binary regression analysis was used in each group to determine the independent factors related to phosphate control. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 59.27+/-13.95 years, and 57.1% of patients were anuric. In anuric patients, dialysis vintage was significantly longer, but the mean Kt/V was not different between groups. Serum phosphate, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, and Ca/P products were significantly higher, and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were significantly lower in the anuric patients, although the intact parathyroid hormone and 25(OH)D levels were not different. In anuric patients, LnFGF-23 [hazard ratio (HR) 2.894, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.294-6.474, P=0.010] was an independent factor predictive of phosphate control. However, in the nonanuric patients, glomerular filtration rate (HR 0.409, 95% CI 0.169-0.989, P=0.047) and blood urea nitrogen (HR 1.090, 95% CI 1.014-1.172, P=0.019) were independent factors predictive of phosphate control. CONCLUSION: In chronic hemodialysis patients, preservation of residual renal function is a significant determinant of phosphate control, and the factors associated with phosphate control is different depending on the residual renal function status. In the anuric patients, FGF-23 is most significantly associated with phosphate control; however, glomerular filtration rate and blood urea nitrogen are more important than FGF-23 in the nonanuric HD patients.

Decreased Renal Function Is an Independent Predictor of Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: An Application of Gensini Score

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Although many studies have shown a higher prevalence of CAD among these patients, the association between the spectrum of renal dysfunction and severity of CAD remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the association between renal function and the severity of CAD. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1,192 patients who underwent elective coronary angiography (CAG). The severity of CAD was evaluated by Gensini score according to the degree of luminal narrowing and location(s) of obstruction in the involved main coronary artery. In all patients, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was independently associated with Gensini score (beta=-0.27, P < 0.001) in addition to diabetes mellitus (beta=0.07, P = 0.02), hypertension (beta=0.12, P < 0.001), low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (beta=0.08, P = 0.003), and hemoglobin (beta=-0.07, P = 0.03) after controlling for other confounding factors. The result of this study demonstrates that decreased renal function is associated not only with the prevalence, but also the severity, of CAD.

Clinical Features of 11 Patients with Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Because preoperative diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is difficult, due to its similarities to other renal diseases, the diagnosis is made postoperatively in most cases. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical findings in 11 patients with histologically documented XGP. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the characteristics, laboratory and radiological findings, preoperative diagnoses and operative methods of 11 patients with XGP, who underwent a surgical procedure or percutaneous renal biopsy. RESULTS: Among eleven patients, nine had flank pain and six had anemia. Preoperatively, three patients were diagnosed as XGP, two with renal cell carcinoma, two with renal tuberculosis, one with renal abscess, one with perirenal abscess, one with renal staghorn calculi with non-functioning kidney, and one with pyelonephrosis. On the basis of the computed tomography (CT) features, the diffuse or global forms (70.0%) were more common than the localized or focal forms (30.0%). One patient diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma preoperatively was diagnosed as XGP through an intraoperative frozen section renal tissue biopsy and underwent partial nephrectomy. One patient diagnosed as focal XGP underwent percutaneous biopsy of the renal mass, which confirmed the diagnosis. This patient received treatment with only antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: CT can be considered the preferred diagnostic tool for the evaluation of XGP; however, percutaneous renal biopsy seems to be valuable in selected cases for differential diagnosis of renal malignancy.

A Case of Ectopic Thyroid Tissue Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration in the Lateral Neck

Ectopic thyroid glands generally occur in the midline as a result of abnormal median migration and their presence in lateral to the midline is rare. Embryologically, the thyroid gland is derived from two anlages: a large median endodermal anlage and two lateral anlages. The median anlage produces most of the thyroid parenchyma, whereas the lateral anlage is derived from the fourth pharyngeal pouch and contributes 1-30% of the thyroid weight. In rare cases, failure of the lateral anlage to fuse with the median anlage can result in lateral ectopic thyroid gland. For many years, lateral, aberrant thyroid tissue in adults was a term used almost exclusively for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. However, aberrant, benign ectopic thyroid tissue rarely occurs. We present a 47-year-old man who had incidentally detected mass on the right lateral neck. He was clinically in a euthyroid status and the thyroid function test results were normal as well. Neck ultrasonography revealed a mild diffuse goiter and a 1.22 x 0.65 cm sized ovoid mass like lesion was located in the right level IV of the neck. The result of fine needle aspiration cytology was adenomatous goiter without lymphoid tissue or any malignancy. We rarely report aberrant, benign ectopic thyroid presence as a lateral neck mass.

A Case of Actinomycotic Thyroiditis in an Adult with Piriform Sinus Fistula

Acute suppurative thyroiditis is an uncommon infectious thyroid disease affecting mainly children and young adults. The route of infection is frequently a pyriform sinus fistula. The major pathogens responsible for acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis are the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. In contrast, Actinomyces species are a very rare cause of acute suppurative thyroiditis. We experienced a case of a 23-year-old man who has presented general weakness and neck pain. Thyroid ultrasonography showed an ill-defined area of heterogeneous hypoechogenicity in the left lobe of the thyroid gland. Histologic examination by fine needle aspiration demonstrated gram-positive, filamentous-like organisms with branching hyphae and characteristic sulfur granules. Barium esophagogram showed a linear barium-filled track at the left pyriform sinus. We report a case of actinomycotic thyroiditis in a young adult with pyriform sinus fistula along with a brief review of related literature.

A Case of MPO-ANCA Positive Vasculitis Associated with Pulmonary Nodules and Membranous Nephropathy Following Propylthiouracil Treatment / 대한내과학회지

Vasculitis is one of the rare complications of antithyroid drugs. In most cases, it is associated with ANCA and usually involves more than one organ. Renal involvement is the most common manifestation, and mainly presents as pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. We experienced MPO-ANCA-positive vasculitis and renal involvement presenting as membranous nephropathy following propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment. Cases of MPO-ANCA-positive vasculitis with membranous nephropathy are very uncommon, and the relationship between PTU and glomerulonephritis with immune complex deposition is unclear at present. A 58-year-old woman who had been treated with PTU for Graves' disease was admitted because of dyspnea and general edema. Chest computed tomography showed multiple nodules in both lung fields. The serum level of MPO-ANCA was positive. Initial laboratory findings included proteinuria, hematuria and increased serum creatinine. We thought that MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis was induced by PTU and renal involvement. Renal biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy.

A Case of Nutcracker Syndrome Combined with Idiopathic Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis, Type I / 대한내과학회지

The Nutcracker syndrome refers to compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery, which results in renal vein and left gonadal vein varices, hematuria, and left flank pain. Here, we report a case of biopsy-proven membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with radiologically documented Nutcracker syndrome. The patient presented with generalized edema for several months. In order to evaluate isomorphic hematuria, we performed computed tomography (CT), which showed Nutcracker syndrome. A renal biopsy revealedmembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Type I. In conclusion, inadults with Nutcracker syndrome that involves severe proteinuria, the possibility of combined glomerulonephritis must be considered.

A Case of Nutcracker Syndrome Combined with Idiopathic Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis, Type I / 대한내과학회지

The Nutcracker syndrome refers to compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery, which results in renal vein and left gonadal vein varices, hematuria, and left flank pain. Here, we report a case of biopsy-proven membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with radiologically documented Nutcracker syndrome. The patient presented with generalized edema for several months. In order to evaluate isomorphic hematuria, we performed computed tomography (CT), which showed Nutcracker syndrome. A renal biopsy revealedmembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Type I. In conclusion, inadults with Nutcracker syndrome that involves severe proteinuria, the possibility of combined glomerulonephritis must be considered.