Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cycles among high responder women: a randomized, multi-center study

Background: The use of embryo cryopreservation excludes the possible detrimental effects of ovarian stimulation on the endometrium, and higher reproductive outcomes following this policy have been reported. Moreover, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger in gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH] antagonist cycles as a substitute for standard human chorionic gonadotropin trigger, minimizes the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome [OHSS] in fresh as well as frozen embryo transfer cycles [FET]

Objective: To compare the reproductive outcomes and risk of OHSS in fresh vs frozen embryo transfer in high responder patients, undergoing in vitro fertilization triggered with a bolus of GnRH agonist

Materials and Methods: In this randomized, multi-centre study, 121 women undergoing FET and 119 women undergoing fresh ET were investigated as regards clinical pregnancy as the primary outcome and the chemical pregnancy, live birth, OHSS development, and perinatal data as secondary outcomes

Results: There were no significant differences between FET and fresh groups regarding chemical [46.4% vs. 40.2%, p=0.352], clinical [35.8% vs. 38.3%, p=0.699], and ongoing [30.3% vs. 32.7%, p=0.700] pregnancy rates, also live birth [30.3% vs. 29.9%, p=0.953], perinatal outcomes, and OHSS development [35.6% vs. 42.9%, p=0.337]. No woman developed severe OHSS and no one required admission to hospital

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that GnRHa trigger followed by fresh transfer with modified luteal phase support in terms of a small human chorionic gonadotropin bolus is a good strategy to secure good live birth rates and a low risk of clinically relevant OHSS development in in vitro fertilization patients at risk of OHSS

Chemokine Receptors Expression in MSCs: Comparative Analysis in Different Sources and Passages

MSC-based therapy is providing a cure for degenerative diseases with unmet medical need and usually iliac crest bone marrow (ICBM) are being applied in clinics. Alternative sources, including adipose tissue and reamer/irrigator/ aspirator hold great potential for isolating MCSs. Here, we compared original MSCs features of adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs) and bone marrow of long-bone (RIA-MSCs) or iliac crest, and the expression of chemokine receptors (including CXCR4, CX3CR1, CXCR6, CXCR2, CCR1 and CCR7) in these three sources, which are important in the context of homing. We further investigated the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis as a key player in motility of different population of MSCs using Transwell migration assay. All cells exhibited typical MSCs characteristics. However, different MSCs sources expressed different levels of chemokine receptors. Generally, the expression of these chemokine receptors was decreased with increasing passage (P) number from 2 to 3. Interestingly, it was observed that the CXCR4 expression and migration capacity in Ad-MSCs is significantly higher than ICBM and RIA-MSCs in P2. Although our data showed that CXCR4 had highest expression in P2 Ad-MSCs, but it dramatically declined following sub-culturing in the P3. Hence, to improve homing of MSCs by means of chemokine/their receptors axis, the source of isolation and passage number should be considered for clinical applications.

Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of pyrazolyl urea derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents

p38mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors provide a novel approach for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. A series of fifteen pyrazolyl urea derivatives (-) were synthesized and evaluated for their p38MAPK inhibition and antioxidant potential. Compounds-andshowed low micromolar range potency (ICvalues ranging from 0.037 ± 1.56 to 0.069 ± 0.07 µmol/L) compared to the standard inhibitor SB 203580 (IC= 0.043 ± 3.62 µmol/L) when evaluated for p38MAPK inhibition by an immunosorbent-based assay. Antioxidant activity was measured by a 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and one of the compounds,, showed better percentage antioxidant activity (75.06%) compared to butylated hydroxy anisole (71.53%) at 1 mmol/L concentration. Compounds-andshowed promisinganti-inflammatory activity (ranging from 62.25% to 80.93%) in comparison to diclofenac sodium (81.62%). The ulcerogenic liability and lipid peroxidation activity of these compounds were observed to be less in comparison to diclofenac sodium. These compounds also potently inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-release in mice (IDof-= 19.98, 11.32 and 9.67 mg/kg, respectively). Among the screened compounds, derivativewas found to be the most potent and its binding mode within the p38MAPK is also reported.

Evaluation of hepatitis C virus intrafamilial transmission among families with one index case, a pilot study from Fars province, Iran

Aim: Our aim was to survey the rate and risk factors for Hepatitis C virus interfamilial transmission among families withone index case

Background: The role of intrafamilial transmission in Hepatitis C virus epidemiology is still debated

Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 34 families [236 members] of HCV infected patientsfrom Fars province, spring to summer 2013. All subjects were first evaluated for the risk factors of exposure and then theirserum was checked for the presence of HCV antibody and the genome, using ELISA and PCR. The genotype of all PCRpositive cases was also determined by a commercial assay. Two independent sample t test and Chi-Square test were used tocompare groups together

Results: In 18 out of 34 families, HCV antibody was detected [52.9%] in new members. Among them, HCV transmissionin 11 families [32%] was also confirmed by PCR. Having a history of intravenous drug abuse [P=0.006] and incarceration[P=0.01] showed to be important risk factors for interfamilial transmission. Hence, blade/needle sharing [P=0.016] justfollowing molecular assay and sex [P=036] only in the serologic analysis were also determined as significant risk factors.Furthermore, based on serologic results, medium socioeconomic state was further associated with this manner oftransmission [P=0.019 and P=0.328]. Interestingly, among relatives, 13 cases were brothers while just 5 cases werecouples. The genotypes 3a and 1a were more prevalent among the population

Conclusion: In conclusion, our finding highlighted a noticeable role of interfamilial transmission for HCV spread andsupports the significant role of close relatives, especially brother relationship in this spread. Hence, the socioeconomic statewas associated with the transmission rate of virus in the family

Prescription Auditing of Patients Admitted at Psychiatry ward of a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western UP

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed core-prescribing indicators for prescription audit and drug utilization studies. The focus of Indian studies has mainly been on the WHO core-prescribing indicators such as the range and number of drugs per prescription. Critical evaluation of prescriptions including rational auditing of prescriptions of patients admitted at Psychiatry Ward of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Hospital, A.M.U., Aligarh, from the period of 31/05/2013 to 30/05/2015. Materials and Methods: Permission for retrospective study to access medical records of the past 2 years of all patients admitted in the Psychiatry ward from 31/05/2013 to 30/05/2015 was obtained from the competent authority. Prescriptions of 44 patients (26 female, 18 male) were available in the Central Record Section during this period. The following parameters were taken to analyse and audit prescriptions as per WHO prescribing indicators: 1) Patient details, 2) Mention of diagnosis, legibility & spelling mistakes, 3) Details of the consultant, 4) Use of antibiotics/antipsychotics by various routes, 5) Provision of proper instructions to patients and 6) Additional parameters - Percentage of prescriptions with nutritional supplements and antacids. Results: Only 36% of prescriptions contained the full names of patients, while age, sex and address were present in 84.09% of the prescriptions. 100% prescriptions were found written with complete diagnosis and contained the signature of the concerned doctor. None of the prescription had the doctor’s contact number. A mean number of 3.18 drugs were written per prescription. All prescriptions were legible and 2.27% contained spelling mistakes. Insufficient instructions for both oral and injectable drugs were mentioned on all prescriptions. Conclusion: As per WHO laid guidelines, study related to drug use indicators are simple as a supervisory tool to assess prescribing patterns by individual doctors. These prescription studies provide scope to improvement in prescribing patterns and promotion of rational use of drug among practitioners.

Analysis of Onion Benefi ts Toward Health from the Perspective of Islamic Medical Scholar and Scientifi c Reasearch / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

Scientifi cally known as Allium Cepa L., onion is a plant which contains various benefi ts and has been used as food and medicine over the years by many nations and races. This research is conducted to identify the benefi ts of onion for human body from the perspectives of Islamic medical scholars and scientifi c research. The literature data for this study has been collected from four Islamic medical books and 14 articles of a variety of related journals. The cumulative data has been analysed by using Nvivo10.0 to identify emerging suitable categories and subsequently generate the fi ndings. The fi ndings of this study discovered that there are at least 17 benefi ts of onion. This includes six which are based on the perspectives of Islamic scholars which are to treat epiphora, to treat ear problems, to medicate infections from dog bites, to neutralize poisons, to stimulate sexual desire and to treat water-borne diseases. Another 11 benefi ts identifi ed in the scientifi c researches include its potential as an antiplatelet agent, anti-fat formation agent, antioxidant agent, antithrombotic agent, anticarcinogen agent, antidepressant agent, antiinfl ammatory agent, antiasthmatic agent, and antibiotic agent, as well as it helps decrease hyperglicemia levels and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. Thus, this study suggest that onion should be highlighted as one of organic treatment/remedy as well as an alternative to conventional treatment.

WHOQOL-BREF among Singaporean Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: What Does It Measure.

Aims: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing concern globally given the increase in T2DM prevalence. Generic HRQoL instruments are important to allow cross-cultural, cross-population and cross-study comparisons. The short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire is a widely used generic questionnaire. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-BREF among patients with T2DM in Singapore. Study Design: Patients at a diabetes outpatient specialist clinic in Singapore were recruited via convenience sampling. Classical Test Theory methods were used to evaluate data quality, scaling assumptions, targeting, internal consistency reliability and construct validity (structural, convergent and discriminant) and criterion validity using HbA1c control (good versus poor). Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Confirmatory Factory Analyses (CFA) were performed to assess unidimensionality (domain-level) as well as conformity with the original four-factor structure. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was done if CFA indicated lack of fit. Results: 212 subjects were analyzed of whom 50% were Chinese, 28% Indians, 11% Malays and 10% others. 63% were males with mean (SD) age 45.8 (11.9) years. Data quality was superior, scaling assumptions were met, targeting was satisfactory and internal consistency was achieved. PCAs were compatible with unidimensionality, except in the Physical domain. Domain level CFA indicated that unidimensionality had poor fit and overall CFA did not support the original 4-factor structure. EFA runs showed that the Physical and Environment domains overlapped while the Social and Psychological domains could not be recovered. Therefore construct (structural) validity was not established. Criterion validity was not achieved as all domains could not discriminate between those with good versus poor HbA1c control. Conclusion: Construct and criterion validity of WHOQOL-BREF posed some concerns. Thus, we recommend that an adequately-powered random sample of T2DM patients in Singapore be studied to confirm the findings of our study.

Prevention of pregnancy complications in Iran following implementing a national educational program

To determine the impact of a national intervention program on some pregnancy complications in Iran. This multicenter study was conducted in governmental sector in 14 provinces in Iran between 2003 and 2005. Intervention included education of all maternal health care providers including gynecologists, general physicians, and midwifes in the governmental sector. Time interval between the pre- [of 3,978 and 3,958 pregnancies] and post- [3,958 pregnancies] measurements were 18 months. Self reported data on pregnancy complications were registered. Interviews were conducted by trained personnel. Participants were interviewed when admitted for delivery or at the time attending for vaccination of their 2 month infants. The following pregnancy complications were reduced significantly as compared to before intervention: 1] bleeding or spotting, 2] urinary tract complications, 3] blurred vision and severe headache, 4] premature labor pain, 5] anemia, 6] severe vomiting, 7] inappropriate weight gain, 8] endometritis, 9] urinary incontinence, 10] breast abscess or mastitis, 11] wound infection, and 12] bleeding was significantly reduced after intervention, compared to before intervention. Premature rupture of membrane showed a significant increase. These complications did not show a significant change: 1] hypertension, 2] fever and chills, 3] convulsion, shock, and loss of consciousness, and 4] obstetric fistula. National programs may be proved to be largely effective by decreasing some of the pregnancy complications in developing countries

Determination of fatty acids composition in Persian Gulf shrimp, Metapenaeus affinis

The aim of this work was to analyze the fatty acid profile in Persian Gulf shrimp, Metapenaeus affinis that is one of the edible and well-known shrimps and has suitable amount of fatty acids specific polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]. It has been reported that, a high dietary consumption of marine n-3 fatty acids may prevent the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The fatty acids profile were analysed in the male and female shrimps. The maximum amount of saturated fatty acids [SFA] was 35.88 percent of total fatty acids in Bandar Abbas [St. A] samples. Highest monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA] were 19.59% in station C and uppermost of PUFA was in Bushehr samples equal to 47.2 %. The figures of SFA showed significant difference between stations [p<0.05]. MUFA hadn't significantly different [p>0.05] and finally PUFA differed statistically only between station A and B. omega 3 and omega 9 in station A also had statistically differ with other stations and demonstrate that omega 3 lower but omega 9 higher than other stations. Difference in percentage of fatty acids among stations may consequence of consuming different nutrients by each group of shrimp

Cytomegalovirus colitis in a 10 year-old girl after kidney transplantation

Cytomegalovirus is an important infection in kidney Transplantation. Isolation of the CMV virus or detection of its proteins or nucleic acid in any body fluid or tissue specimen is defined as [CMV infection]. A 10-year-old girl was admitted frequently for vomiting and colicky watery diarrhea starting one month after renal transplantation from a non-relative living donor. Cr, BUN, serum electrolytes and also liver function tests were normal. Anti CMV IgM titer was negative before and after transplantation. On colonoscopy large aphthous like lesions were detected in the colon. CMV PCR of the lesion was strongly positive [>2000 copies/ml]. The patient received Ganciclovir. Usually CMV infected patients present with renal dysfunction after renal transplantation but other organ involvements must not be ignored. We report a patient presenting only with intestinal signs and symptoms of CMV infection

Prevalence of ocular manifestations in patients of rheumatoid arthritis

To study the prevalence of ocular manifestations in patients of rheumatoid arthritis

Material and Methods: 104 Patients of rheumatoid arthritis were studied during five years period at AL-KHIDMAT teaching hospital Mansoora, Lahore. Ocular examination included best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp examination, tear film breakup time, Schirmer test, fluorescence staining and fundus examination

Results: Dry eye was the most common association encountered. It was present in 31 patients. Severe dry eye with Schirmers test value less than 5mm was observed in 10 patients. Moderate degree of dry eye was present in 21 patients. Scleritis was observed in two patients. Fluorescene staining revealed corneal ulcer in four patients. Temporary eye patches results in healing in three patients while one patient needed lateral tarsorraphy to get relief from ulcer. Cataract due to steroid intake was seen in four patients. Steroid induced glaucoma in two patients. Age range was between 23-74 years and mean age of 46 years. There were 13 males and 91 females

Conclusion: Dry eye was the most common finding in patients with rheumatoid arthritis mainly in females. Cataract and glaucoma are due to inappropriate use of steroids. Scleritis and scleromalacia perforans are very rare

Salivary soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in periodontal disease and health

PURPOSE: The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system plays a significant role in osteoclastogenesis, activation of osteoclasts, and regulation of bone resorption. This study aimed to evaluate the use of the salivary soluble RANKL (sRANKL)/OPG ratio as a diagnostic marker for periodontitis in nonsmokers. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with chronic periodontitis and 25 individuals with a healthy periodontium were enrolled in this study. Samples containing 5 mL of unstimulated saliva were obtained from each subject. Salivary sRANKL and OPG concentrations were determined using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 18.0. RESULTS: The levels of sRANKL and OPG were detectable in all of the samples. Positive relationships were found between the plaque index and clinical attachment level and both the salivary concentration of sRANKL and the salivary sRANKL/OPG ratio (P<0.05). The salivary concentration of sRANKL and the sRANKL/OPG ratio were significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the healthy group (P=0.004 and P=0.001, respectively). In contrast, the OPG concentration showed no significant differences between the groups (P=0.455). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the salivary sRANKL/OPG ratio may be helpful in the screening and diagnosis of periodontitis. However, longitudinal studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these results.

Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Ewe Milk, Traditional Yoghurt and Sour Buttermilk in Iran.

A total of 63 samples including ewe milk, yoghurt and traditional buttermilk were collected from Myaneh and Hashrood (Azarbayjan-e-Sharqi, Iran) and screened for the presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Based on routine cultural characteristic, general morphological and biochemical assay, 77 out of 168 bacterial isolates were identified as LAB. These isolates were examined for the presence of inhibitory activity against other randomly selected LAB isolates. Thirty-three strains showed antagonistic activity against the closely related LAB strains and were further challenged against other gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella entritidis. Based on their zones of inhibition diameters the isolates showing maximum inhibitory activity against these pathogens were selected for detailed investigations. The selected isolates were identified to species level by 50CHL API system and were challenged to heat, acid and bile salt. Most of the strains were able to survive at different pH ranges, while one strain of Pedicoccus acidilactici and Lactobacillus paracasei were able to tolerate all ranges of pH during 24 h of incubation. In addition, Lactobacillus brevis was found as the most resistant strain being able to resist all concentrates of bile after 4 h. The results indicated the probiotic potential of the isolates, as majority of the selected LAB isolates were capable of resisting high temperatures, acidic pH values and bile concentrations of 0.7%.

Comparative study of results of probing and syringing at different age groups

Objectives: Aim of the study was to know the results of primary probing and syringing up to the age of ten years before going to perform other procedures

Materials and methods: A prospective, multicenter study was done on 113 eyes of 84children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction during a period of three years. Primary probing and syringing were done starting at the age of 10 months onward up to the age of ten years under general anaesthesia. Patients were divided into three age groups. Group= A less than three years, Group= B three to six years, Group= C six years to ten years. Results were compared. The study was conducted at AL_Khidmat Teaching hospital Mansoora Lahore and Lateef Hospital Okara. Repeat probing was performed when primary probing failed upto the age of six years

Results: Success rate was 98.64% in group = A, 91.66% in group = B patients and 73.33% in group = C patients. Success rate decreases with increasing age but still it is highly preferable to other invasive procedures such as silicone tube intubation or dacryocystorhinosotomy. Failure rate was 1.35% in group one, 8.33% in group two and 26.66% in third group. Success in treatment was defined as complete resolution of tearing and discharge in the affected eye

Conclusion: Primary probing should be the first choice of treatment in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction even to the age of ten years.Success rate although higher in children less than three years a very good percentage can be cured above three years with probing syringing as first line of treatment

High total leukocyte count and heart failure after myocardial infarction

Background: Acute myocardial infarction ST-elevation [STEMI] is frequently associated with leukocytosis and relative increased in neutrophil count. It is believed that the peripheral leukocyte count have important prognostic implication in AMI. In this study we hypothesized that there is an association between absolute leukocytosis and neutrophilia to the short term development of congestive heart failure [CHF] after AMI

Methods: A cross sectional study carried out from June-August 2010. 200 patients with diagnosis of STEMI were included. Patients with a history of chest pain of more than 12 hours, recent trauma, infection, malignancy were excluded. Baseline demographic data was obtained. Blood sample was drawn for leukocyte count within 12 hours of admission.Echocardiogram [Echo] and X-ray chest was obtained during first four days. Chi square test was applied to seek association between high total leukocyte [TLC] and heart failure

Results: Out of 200 patients, 98 [49%] remained uncomplicated and they were discharged without clinical evidence of CHF; whereas 91[45.5%] patients who developed clinical CHF underwent Echo and discharged later. Total 11[5.5%] patients expired in hospital. Out of 91 patients who developed CHF 61[67%] had high TLC [>11000 mm3], while 30 [33%] had normal [<11000 mm3] TLC. Significant association [P<0.008] of high TLC with development of CHF was observed.81 [89%] patients had high neutrophil count [>65 mm3], while 10 [11%] had normal [

Conclusion: This study shows that high TLC count appears to be associated with development of CHF and mortality after acute STEMI

Experience of topical anaesthesia in phacoemulsification verses ECCE with IOL cases

Purpose: We studied 100 cases of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens [PHACO IOL] verses 100 cases of extracapsular cataract extraction [ECCE] with intraocular lens implant [IOL] to know the acceptability of topical and intracameral anaesthesia

Material and method: Topical drops of proparacine were used fifteen minutes before surgery for five times at regular interval. 2ml of 2% xylocaine diluted with 3ml of ringer lactate was used for topical enhancement when needed. 2ml of preservative free bupicaine was injected in each 1000ml of ringer lactate solution. 200 patients were done with this method in which 100 cases were PHACO IOL and remaining 100 cases were ECCE with IOL. Pain was assessed by an independent observer and scored on criteria assigned

Results: Out of 100 cases of PHACO IOL 97% was very happy having zero score or one score. 84% have zero score and 13% have one score. 2% of patients suffered mild pain. 1% of patients suffered moderate pain. In ECCE with IOL, out of 100 patients 93% were very happy with zero score in 78% and one score in 15% of patients. 5% attain score two were just happy. 2% of patients suffered moderate pains were not happy

Conclusion: Topical anaesthesia avoids most of the complications associated with retrobullar, peribulbar, or subtenon injections. It is a safe method for both PHACO IOL and ECCE with IOL

High total leukocyte count and heart failure after myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction ST-elevation [STEMI] is frequently associated with leukocytosis and relative increased in neutrophil count. It is believed that the peripheral leukocyte count have important prognostic implication in AMI. In this study we hypothesized that there is an association between absolute leukocytosis and neutrophilia to the short term development of congestive heart failure [CHF] after AMI. A cross sectional study carried out from June -August 2010. 200 patients with diagnosis of STEMI were included. Patients with a history of chest pain of more than 12 hours, recent trauma, infection, malignancy were excluded. Baseline demographic data was obtained. Blood sample was drawn for leukocyte count within 12 hours of admission.Echocardiogram [Echo] and X-ray chest was obtained during first four days. Chi square test was applied to seek association between high total leukocyte [TLC] and heart failure. Out of 200 patients, 98 [49%] remained uncomplicated and they were discharged without clinical evidence of CHF; whereas 91[45.5%] patients who developed clinical CHF underwent Echo and discharged later. Total 11[5.5%] patients expired in hospital. Out of 91 patients who developed CHF 61[67%] had high TLC [>11000 mm3], while 30 [33%] had normal [<11000 mm3] TLC. Significant association [P<0.008] of high TLC with development of CHF was observed.81 [89%] patients had high neutrophil count [>65 mm3], while 10 [11%] had normal [

Comprehensive assessment of the relative frequency of sleep disorders in migraine and non migraine in 6- to 14-year-old children

Headaches are common during childhood. In addition, sleep disorders are common problems in children, too. Although it is commonly thought that headache and sleep problems are related, there is not enough evidence to confirm this relationship. Finding evident relations between these problems would help practitioners a lot to make earlier diagnosis and plan treatment modalities for both problems as soon as possible. This study aimed to assess the relative frequency of sleep disorders in migraine and non migraine children. In a cross sectional study, 148 children were enrolled in migraine [60] and non migraine [88] groups. They were aged 6 to 14 years. Migraine group consisted of patients who had definite migraine according to HIS [International Headache Society] criteria. Ten sleep problems [snoring, nightmares, sleep walking, sleep talking, bedtime struggle, bruxism, sweating during sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia in early or mid night and sleep apnea] were compared between 2 groups. Fisher exact and chi square tests were used for making comparisons. We found relationships between night sleep and daytime headaches. Some of these relationships were easy to explain but for some others, finding complicated explanations are necessary. Our findings showed that bruxism, sleep walking, early and midnight insomnia was significantly higher in migraine children. There was a common etiology for headache and sleep disorders. Also, parents and migraine children were well familiar with the effect of relaxation on decreasing migraine episodes. They provided appropriate facilities for night sleep for this reason. We found relationships between night sleep and daytime headaches. Some of these relationships were easy to explain but for some others, finding complicated explanations are necessary

Pharmacological activities of pyrazole and its derivatives

Since a very long time the usefulness and great therapeutic value of pyrazole nucleus has been recognized and the wide range of activities of this nucleus evaluated. However antipyrine was the first synthetic organic compound having pyrazolin-5-one nucleus, to find use as an important drug. Phenylbutazone a prototype of pyrazolidinedione is very potent anti-inflammatory agent but its use is now banned in some countries. Later on many modifications of pyrazole nucleus were attempted and several compounds have been synthesized which serve as basis for treatment of different diseases, like-inflammation, pain, cancer, tuberculosis and disease caused by bacteria. COX-2 inhibitory activities of pyrazoles are well proved and many compounds containing pyrazole nucleus like Celecoxib, Sulphenazole, Sulphinpyrazole and Analgin are well established in the market. The discovery of natural 4-Hydroxy Pyrazole C-glycoside antibiotic pyrazofurin; 4-hydroxy-3beta-D-ribofuronasyl-IH-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; has provided a basis for more rational design and synthesis of new pyrazoles as potential antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer agents