Effect of consanguinity on the out come of pregnancy in Karachi women

Consanguinity is relationship by blood that is being descended from common ancestors. In Pakistan marriages among tribes and cousins are common. Consequently it weakens the genetic material. Lethal mutated gene which is usually recessive are covered by normal dominant allets. Repeated marriages in the same family or tribes increases the risk of expression of lethal recessive genes. The result of repeated cousin marriages is increased risk of having offsprings with fetal abnormalities

Study on main reproductive steroidal hormones in postmenopausal breast cancer patients

In the present work, thirty nine [39] patients were randomly selected from Radiotherapy Department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center, Karachi. The criteria of inclusion was, females of postmenopausal age, biopsy proven breast cancer [unilateral or bilateral], mastectomy with auxiliary clearance within fifteen days, without radiation or hormonal therapy and no clinical metastasis was present and twelve postmenopausal controls were also selected, for comparison. This study leads to discovery that there is a correlation of estrogen and progesterone in breast cancer women in Karachi, and this relationship is reciprocal, estrogen level increases with decrease in estrogen receptor showing aggressiveness in disease