Vaccine usage and wastage in a designated Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre in North India

Purpose@#Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes. World Health Organization guidelines advocate a single dose of vaccine for life-long protective immunity against yellow fever. Yellow fever vaccine is included in routine childhood immunization schedules in countries at medium or high risk of yellow fever. For some travelers, visiting endemic countries, yellow fever vaccination is recommended to protect the travelers. We calculated the yellow fever vaccine wastage rate at a designated center in North India. @*Materials and Methods@#This is a record-based study. The data for the study was obtained from the immunization center of Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The particulars for every vaccine recipient were present in the register. The vaccine wastage rate was calculated. The analysis was done in IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and results were presented as numbers and frequencies. @*Results@#A total of 136 doses were issued out of which 111 doses were administered from November 2017 till October 2020. The maximum number of travelers was young adults (26.1%). In 83.7% of cases, the area of the visit was Africa. The vaccine wastage rate was 18.4%. @*Conclusion@#The vaccine wastage rate was not very high and was within that recommended for vaccines in routine immunization.

clinicoetiological study of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

To present the pattern of morbidity associated complications, and causative factors in individual cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome [SJS]/toxic epidermal necrolysis [TEN]. Patients and methods This case series descriptive study, using a convenience sampling technique, was carried out in the In-patients department of Dermatology Unit I, Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore from January 2007 to September 2008. Thirty clinically diagnosed patients, suffering from SJS/TEN, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Patients' demographic data, symptoms, signs and any relevant investigations were recorded and scored. Using an appropriately designed pro forma, symptoms/ and signs were categorized into thirteen variables. The severity of each variable was scored froml-3 [total score range 13 to 39]. An association of these variables with patient outcome, in terms of either discharge from hospital or death, was calculated. Pain and gastrointestinal involvement were seen in all 30 [100%] patients. Mortality was found to be 13.3% and was significantly associated with infection, total morbidity score, area of epidermal involvement and respiratory system involvement. Similarly development of wound infection, area of epidermal involvement, fever and total score significantly affected the duration of hospital stay. While the causative drug/s remained unknown in 26.7% cases the most common identifiable drug was trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, causing disease in 13.3%. Conclusions Mortality in cases of SJS/TEN showed significant association with wound infection, area of skin involvement, total morbidity score and respiratory system involvement

Dental fluorosis - an orthodontic adhesive challenge

The purpose of this study, carried out in early 2010, was threefold: Firstly, to assess the frequency of mild to severe type of dental fluorosis in the school children of district Jhang, [Punjab], both males and females with an age range of 6-14 years. The ratio between girls [420] and boys [278] was 1.51:1. Out of a total sample size of 698, 76 girls and 90 boys suffered from dental fluorosis with a total frequency of 23.78%. Secondly, to give a wake up call to those who are responsible for the prevention of this menace from that specific segment of poor and neglected society. Lastly, to get an effective bonding clue for this pretty good quantum of patients who pose a great challenge in orthodontics, in terms of poor sheer bond strength of adhesives due to repeated bond failures while using "standard etching protocol", resulting in a poor treatment outcome. Current orthodontic literature hints that among the various orthodontic adhesive materials, self etching primer has so far played a promising role in these cases, as is evident from various studies