Résumé
To evaluate histopathological patterns of testicular biopsy specimens from infertile males and to categorize each case according to Modified Johnson scoring system. Male infertility contributes to about 20% of infertility cases. Testicular biopsy is important in categorizing patients with Azoospermia and provides useful information and guidelines for further treatment. Histopathological findings of testicular biopsies are of significant importance in making decision for selection of cases for Intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI] in patients with non obstructive azoospermia. Testicular biopsies from male patients with history of infertility and azoospermia were included in this study. All biopsies were received in 10% formalin fixative and routinely processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin [H and E]. Clinical data was obtained and recorded on a proforma. All cases were examined microscopically and various histological patterns were evaluated and categorized according to the histopathological patterns and Modified Johnson scoring was performed. A total 53 cases of testicular biopsies from azoospermic males were evaluated. Mean age was 28 years and range was from 24-56 years. Most frequent pattern was of Sertoli cell only syndrome [30.18%], further categorized as Johnson score 2. The second most frequent was hypospermatogenesis [18.86%], further categorized as Johnson score 7. There were 5 cases that showed mixed pattern and 1 case showed discordant pattern. This study outlines the different histopathological patterns of testicular biopsies in cases of male infertility in our setup and identifies Sertoli cell only syndrome as the most common pathological finding amongst various histopathological patterns
Résumé
To find out the frequency of low-level quinolone-resistance in Multi-Drug Resistant [MDR] typhoid using nalidixic acid screening disc. Descriptive study. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from January 2005 to December 2005. Blood was obtained from suspected cases of typhoid fever and cultured in to BacT/ALERT. The positive blood cultures bottles were subcultured. The isolates were identified by colony morphology and biochemical tests using API-20E galleries. Susceptibility testing of isolates was done by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muellar Hinton Agar. For the isolates, which were resistant to nalidixic acid by disc diffusion method, Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations [MICs] of ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid were determined by using the E-test strips. Disc diffusion susceptibility tests and MICs were interpreted according to the guidelines provided by National Committee for Control Laboratory Standard [NCCLS]. A total of 21[65.5%] out of 32 isolates of Salmonellae were nalidixic acid-resistant by disk diffusion method. All the nalidixic acid-resistant isolates by disc diffusion method were confirmed by MICs for both ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. All the nalidixic acid-resistant isolates had a ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.25-1Mu g/ml [reduced susceptibility] and nalidixic acid MICs = 32 Mu g [resistant]. Out of all Salmonella isolates, 24 [75%] were found to be MDR, and all were S. typhi. Low-level quinolone-resistance in typhoid was high in this small series. Screening for nalidixic acid resistance with a 30 Mu g nalidixic acid disk is a reliable and cost-effective method to detect low-level fluoroquinolone resistance, especially in the developing countries