Efficacy of Different Fungicides and Trichoderma Isolates against Leaf Blight Disease of Piper longum, Tylophora indica and Hibiscus subdariffa under in vitro

Leaf blight of the medicinal plants (Piper longum, Tylophora indica and Hibiscus subdariffa) is one of the most significant diseases that severely damage these crops throughout the year in West Bengal .So, management of this disease is essential at now. A few chemical fungicides and trichoderma isolates were tested under in vitro against the disease-associated pathogens in order to identify efficient chemical fungicides and bio agents.It was found that the trichoderma isolates T-2 and T-3 were effective against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, whereas the isolates T-1 and T-2 were efficient in inhibiting the growth of the test pathogen better against Fusarium sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii.With a higher percentage of inhibition (77.60%), copper oxychloride was the most effective fungicide against Fusarium sp. Conversely, carbendazim and dithane m-45 were more effective against Sclerotium rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, showing 78.33% and 77.93% of inhibition, respectively, and less effective against Fusarium sp at higher concentrations (400 ppm). To determine whether or not these chemical fungicides and trichoderma isolates are effective under in vivo, they will be tested in the field against the corresponding pathogens associated with the disease.

The relationship between glaucoma and dry eye illness as well as the function of preservatives in glaucoma drugs

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of xerophthalmia in individuals with glaucoma by administering a topical regimen of antiglaucoma medication containing timolol and dorzolamide and to determine the frequency of ocular surface abnormalities among individuals with glaucoma who are undergoing treatment with topical antiglaucoma medications. Methods: The study included a total of 75 participants of both genders. A total of 50 ocular units from 25 subjects under medication with two or more antiglaucoma agents for a period of six months were subjected to examination. Results: The study compared tear breakage time, Schirmer's test-1, and corneal staining score between the glaucoma cases and control groups. The mean values for tear breakage time were 9.44±2.76 seconds and 11.8±1.88 sec in the glaucoma and control group respectively (p=0.001). The mean values for Schirmer's test-1 were 7.63±2.64 mm and 12.86±1.93 mm in the glaucoma and control group respectively (p=0.001). The mean values for corneal staining score were 5.7±2.33 and 1.1±0.58 in the glaucoma and control group (p=0.001) respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of ocular surface disease and dry eye is higher among individuals undergoing antiglaucoma therapy. The application of glaucoma medication in the form of topical treatment has been associated with the development of dry eye syndrome and has been observed to affect the stability of the tear film.