Spectrum of prostate lesions: a decade experience

The prostate gland is found at the base of the bladder, surrounding the urethra. A rising interest has been noted in the diseases of the prostrate in the last decade or so. This is attributed to the fact that a high incidence of the prostatic carcinoma has been noted in different geographical locations and multi ethnic groups. Carcinoma of the prostate is the most common form of cancer in males in the United States, second only to lung cancer. retrospective study. This study was carried out at Department of pathology, Dow Medical College, Karachi between January 2003-2012. A retrospective study of 317 prostatic biopsies was conducted, based on the histopathological reports, with the purpose of identifying patients with prostatic lesions. Records of all specimens of prostatic tissue received for histopathology from the Civil hospital Karachi were used in this study. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS version 16.0. The total number of patients included in this study was 317. The mean age of the patients was 64.9 +/- 8.12 with an age range of 48-100. 7.9% [n=25] patients had prostatic adenocarcinoma whereas 91.8% of patients showed benign nodular hyperplasia. Overall the incidence of prostatic cancers is more in the western countries as compared to the east. This can be attributed to the fact that the west has screening programs that leads to early detection. However screening programs should also be introduced and made available to general public and in males over the age of 50, PSA level detection should be made compulsory

Magnitude of breast diseases in OJHA histopathology department

This study evaluates the current status regarding spectrum of breast diseases from the data record of Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory [DDRRL], Karachi. Descriptive study. This study was carried out on obtaining Data of various breast diseases was obtained from the histopathology department of Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory [DDRRL], OJAH campus located in Karachi from October 2011 till December 2011. Ten months data of 2011 consisted of 829 cases of breast diseases. The diseases were grouped into malignant, benign and inflammatory types. There was no limitation of age and both genders were considered. Cancers other than breast diseases were excluded from the study. Reports of missing information were not analyzed. Normal breast tissue was as well excluded. Analysis revealed 413 as malignant lesions, 322 benign and 80 inflammatory .In malignant tumours invasive ductal carcinoma grade 2 was [23.7%]. Fibroadenoma [28.0%], fibrocystic change [6.1%], benign phylloides [2.4%], lipoma was 1.2% and no record of lactating adenoma was found. Inflammatory lesion breast abscess [4.0%], chronic mastitis [1.7%], granulomatous mastitis [1.7%], duct ectasia [1.3%] and fat necrosis was least diagnosed. Breast diseases trend in the women of Karachi are changing. Malignant breast lesions are presenting at younger age and its occurrence is more than benign and inflammatory lesion altogether in this study

Obturator nerve block; transurethral resection of lateral bladder wall tumours [TUR-BT]

To evaluate the efficacy of obturator nerve block combined with spinal anaesthesia for prevention of adductor muscle spasm and its associated complications during transurethral resection of bladder tumours located at its lateral and inferolateral wall. A prospective study. At AFIU Rawalpindi. From January 2005 to December 2006. Material and method Fifty patients who had tumours at their lateral / inferolateral bladder wall of physical status ASA I - IV received spinal anaesthesia at 3rd or 4th lumbar space followed by obturator nerve block with a view to preventing adductor jerk during resection of tumour. There was complete suppression of adductor jerk in 45 [90%] patients and surgery was completed smoothly. Two patients [4%] had mild adductor jerk and additional sedation was required. The block failed to work in 3 [6%] cases and required conversion to general anaesthesia. Thus the procedure was successful in 94% [complete and partial suppression of jerk. We conclude that spinal anaesthesia combined with obturator nerve block is an effective technique for preventing adductor jerk during TUR-BT, thus avoiding intra-operative and post operative complication

Hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatitis B viral infection in children: a case report with review of literature

This report describes the case of an adult type hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] in a 12 year old boy with hepatitis B,surface antigen [HBsAg] positivity and no cirrhosis. The HCC is an uncommon childhood tumor and is associated with HBsAg. This case was initially misdiagnosed as hepatoblastoma; which is a common hepatic malignancy of childhood. It is important to identify cancer in children because when cancer strikes them it behaves differently front cancer in adults. This article represents various characteristics of HCC in children with a review of the literature in an effort to highlight the morphological differences between hepatoblastoma and HCC

relation between the degree of renal functional impairment and haemoglobin A1 in non diabetic patients with chronic renal failure

The study was undertaken to investigate whether there is some correlation of the degree of renal functional impairment [as determined by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate] with haemoglobin A1 end stage renal disease. Thirty six nondiabetic patients were selected for the study. Four age groups and three disease groups of the patients were recognized. A weak inverse correlation was observed between the level of serum creatinine and haemoglobin A1 in patients of age group 46 to 65 years [r = - 0.46, p < 0.1]

Serum protein and lipid levels in the nephrotic syndrome

Protein and lipid levels were studied in 22 patients with nephrotic syndrome [NS]. The patients showed marked decrease in serum albumin and total protein values [p < 000]. Abnormal levels of total and fractional lipids were significant [p < 0.05 - p < 0.001]. An inverse correlation of serum albumin and total protein to triglyceride levels and total cholesterol levels was observed. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] showed significant decrease in nephrotic patient. Serum albumin and total protein levels were correlated with serum HDL-C and showed no correlation