RÉSUMÉ
Background: Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is one of the most common reasons for referral to tertiary care centres with a strong suspicion of malignancy. Endometrial cancer is the most common cause of gynaecological malignancy in the West, but in India the incidence rates are low. Eighty to ninety percent (80-90%) women have benign conditions in India. The aim and objectives of my study are to evaluate causes of PMB and sociodemographic characteristics among postmenopausal women.Methods: A hospital based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among women above 45 years with PMB admitted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, regional institute of medical sciences (RIMS), Imphal. The study was conducted for a period of two years from October 2019 to September 2021.Results: In this study, out of 50 postmenopausal women 35 (70%) belong to age group >50 years and only 15 (30%) belong to age group <50 years. The most common cause of PMB in this study was found to be endometrial atrophy (12 out of 50) and two thirds of them having ET between 2-4 mm. This association is found to be statistically significant. The incidence of genital tract malignancy in our study is 14%. Incidence of endometrial carcinoma (8%) is slightly higher than cervical cancer (6%). The incidence of premalignant lesions (endometrial hyperplasia with atypia, endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) is 20% in this study. The study did not show significant association of clinical variables with benign, premalignant or malignant causes of PMB.Conclusions: With increase in life expectancy the incidence of PMB is expected to increase in future. Since the incidence of malignancy is quite high, any bleeding in that age group should be evaluated in the line of malignancy unless proved to be otherwise.
RÉSUMÉ
Median rhomboid glossitis or glossal central papillary atrophy is characterized by an area of redness and loss of filiform papillae, situated on the dorsum of the tongue in front of the circumvallate papillae. Smoking, denture wearing, use of corticosteroid sprays or inhalers, and human immunodeficiency virus are few of the predisposing factors. Previously, this condition was believed to be a developmental defect of the tongue, caused by a failure of the tuberculum impar to be covered by the lateral processes of the tongue; however, now, it is thought to be due to chronic candidiasis. This paper presents an atypical case of rhomboid glossitis in a 4-year-old girl, discussing the clinical presentation, etiological factors, and differential diagnosis.
RÉSUMÉ
Hypertension is an important worldwide public health challenge because of its high frequency and risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension as well as inadequately controlled hypertension among general population who sought tooth extraction at Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad. Materials and Methods: Only 1200 patients in the age group of 20–60 years who sought tooth extraction were included in the study. Blood pressure (BP) was measured for three times in all patients. The readings were quantized into four categories which included normal, prehypertensive stage, and Stage 1 and Stage 2 of hypertension. The BP was assessed for the following variables – gender, habits of gutkha chewing, smoking and alcohol, regular exercise, age, and effect of local anesthesia. Results: Nearly 24.4% of new cases of hypertension were diagnosed among all participants reported to the dental clinic. After giving local anesthesia, 16.71% increase in BP was observed in Stage 1 and 2.35% increase in Stage 2 hypertension. Conclusion: This study reveals that dentists play an important role in the early diagnosis of hypertension of many dental patients who are unaware of being hypertensive. This role should be emphasized in our specialty as a standard of care to prevent life-threatening complications.