[Effect of probiotic supplement on immune response in male athletes: a randomized clinical trail]

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which if administered in adequate amounts,have beneficial effects on host health. Probioticsreduces the risk of developing diseases in the consumers through prevention of the immunosuppressive effects. The present study was performed with the purpose of comparing the effect of probiotic supplementation on the immune response in male athletes, before and after exhaustive exercise. In a double-blind study, 16 male athlete volunteers aged between 19-25 years were assigned into two groups of experimental and placebo. Subjects of the experimental and placebo respectively tooktwo capsules of probiotic or placebo daily for 30 days. Blood samples of the participants were collected at the beginning and on the 30th day, and the numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, serum CRP, and serum IgA were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measurement method and independent t-test. Consumption of probiotics supplement in the rest levels in the intragroup and intergroup comparison,only showed significant difference [p<0.05] in the monocytes levels compared to base line level.Also, after the exhaustive exercise, a statistically significant difference was observed in the levels of monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes compared to the baseline levels. In the comparison between the probiotic and placebo groups, only the monocytes level were significantly different [p<0.05]. Other variables had nosignificant differences. The results of this study showed that probiotic consumption following exhaustive exercise can cause increase infactors of lymphocyte, monocyte, and geranolocyte, thereforeit seems that probiotics play a role in the development of immune system.

[Changes of plasma leptin and adiponectin levels in response to combined endurance and resistance training in sedentary postmenopausal women]

Leptin and adiponectin, both as adipose tissue-derived adipocytokines, play a substantial role in the pathogenesis and complications of obesity. This study was performed to examine the effects of combined endurance and resistance training on plasma leptin and adiponectin levels and insulin resistance index [HOMA-IR] in sedentary postmenopausal women. 16 sedentary postmenopausal obese women in two experimental and control groups participated in 10 weeks of concurrent training including resistive [40-60% of 1 repetition maximum] and swimming endurance training [50-60% of maximal heart rate], three days per week. Plasma leptin and adiponectin levels, HOMA-IR and anthropometric indices were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Concurrent training did not significantly change plasma leptin level, but caused a significant increased in adiponectin concentration [P=0.001]. Hence, HOMA-IR and all of anthropometric indices improved following 10 weeks of combined training [P<0.05]. Pearson correlation showed a significant correlation between the primary level of adiponectin and primary value of waist circumference [P=0.014], but no significant relationship was found between early level of leptin and anthropometric indices and HOMA-IR [P>0.05]. There were not significant correlation between leptin and adiponectin concentrations and changes of anthropometric indices and HOMA-IR [P>0.05]. Combined endurance and resistance training improves adiponectin concentrations, insulin resistance and anthropometric indices. However, these changes may not be in the line with leptin level changes