Zika puzzle in Brazil: peculiar conditions of viral introduction and dissemination: a review

This article discusses the peculiar conditions that favoured the unexpected introduction of Zika virus into the poorest northeastern region of Brazil in 2015, its speed of transmission to other Brazilian states, other Latin American countries and other regions, and the severity of related neurological disorders in newborns and adults. Contrasting with evidence that Zika had so far caused only mild cases in humans in the last six decades, the epidemiological scenario of this outbreak in Brazil indicates dramatic health effects: in 2015, an increase of 20-fold in notified cases of microcephaly and/or central nervous system (CNS) alterations suggestive of Zika congenital infection, followed by an exponential increase in 2016, with 2366 cumulative cases confirmed in the country by the end of December 2016. A significant increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults has also been reported. Factors involved in viral dissemination, neural pathogenesis and routes of transmission in Brazil are examined, such as the role of social and environmental factors and the controversies involved in the hypothesis of antibody-dependent enhancement, to explain the incidence of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil. Responses to the Zika outbreak and the development of new products are also discussed.

Molecular typing of dengue virus type 2 in Brazil

Strain typing is a critical tool for molecular epidemiological analysis and can provide important information about the spread of dengue viruses. Here, we performed a molecular characterization of DEN-2 viruses isolated in Brazil during 1990-2000 from geographically and temporally distinct areas in order to investigate the genetic distribution of this serotype circulating in the country. Restriction site-specific polymerase chain reaction (RSS)-PCR presented the same pattern for all 52 Brazilian samples, showing the circulation of just one DEN-2 variant. Phylogenetic analysis using progressive pairwise alignments from 240-nucleotide sequences of the E/NS1 junction in 15 isolates showed that they belong to genotype III (Jamaica genotype)

Dengue virus type 3 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dengue virus type 3 was isolated for the first time in the country as an indigenous case from a 40 year-old woman presenting signs and symptoms of a classical dengue fever in the municipality of Nova Iguaçu, State of Rio de Janeiro. This serotype has been associated with dengue haemorrhagic epidemics and the information could be used to implement appropriate prevention and control measures. Virological surveillance was essential in order to detected this new serotype

Prevalência de anticorpos para citomegalovírus em gestantes de Salvador - Bahia / The prevalence of CMV antibodies in pregnant women in Salvador - Bahia

A prevalência de anticorpos para citomegalovírus (CMV) em uma populaçäo de gestantes de Salvador alcançou positividade de 81,5 por cento e 92 por cento pelas técnicas de fixaçäo de complemento e ELISA, respectivamente. Näo foi detectada infecçäo primária no grupo de soronegativas ou reativaçäo de infecçäo no grupo de gestantes previamente imunes no período estudado

Virological study of a dengue type 1 epidemic at Rio de Janeiro

Uma epidemia de dengue iniciou-se em março de 1986, no Rio de Janeiro, alcançando rapidamente outras partes do país. Febre dengue clássica foi observada, porém o vírus do dengue foi isolado de um caso fatal. As amostras de dengue 1 isoladas de pacientes e de fêmeas adultas de Aedes aegypti capturadas na área apresentaram efeito citopático na linhagem de células A. albopictus clone C6/36. A lesäo celular foi estudada também em microscopia eletrônica, sendo descritos os dados observados. Um teste de captura para IgM (MAC-ELISA) foi utilizado durante a epidemia tanto para o diagnóstico como para avaliarr a circulaçäo de vírus, com resultados claros e reprodutíveis; os anticorpos IgM apareceram precocemente após o início da doença clínica, permanecendo por cerca de 90 dias na maioria dos pacientes. A reaçäo mostrou-se tipo específico em cerca de 50% dos pacientes, porém, um alto nível de respostas heterológas para dengue tipo 3 foi observado nos demais pacientes