Résumé
Chlorpromazine is a classical neuroleptic drug which produces both therapeutic effects as well as unwanted side effects in human such as sedation, autonomic, endocrine and neurological effects. It is thought that blockade of dopamine D-2 receptors caused by chlorpromazine induces these untoward side effects. Pre-clinical studies on catalepsy has been proposed as an animal model for neuroleptic induced extrapyramidal side effects. The drug also blocks certain stereotypic behaviours in animals induced by dopamine agonists such as apomorphine and amphetamine. These stereotypic behaviours are circling, chewing, rearing, grooming and hyperactivity. Daily administration of chlorpromazine (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p) to rats for 21 days induced catalepsy, tolerance to catalepsy and locomotor sensitization following PCP (10 mg/kg, i.p) challenge. These results suggest that daily chlorpromazine treatment induced DA/ NMDA-receptor sensitization to total locomotor activity following PCP challenge. Furthermore, there were no changes in other behavioural parameters assessed. Surprisingly daily chlorpromazine administration in rats also produced no changes in other physiological parameters assessed (body weight, food and water intake).
Résumé
Objective: The study was carried out to evaluate short term effects of one to one educational intervention approach; conducted with 40 drug sellers in order to improve the private sector's practices; compliance and performance in using the national treatment guidelines for malaria and other common childhood (diarrhoea; acute respiratory tract infection-ARI) illnesses in Kibaha district-Tanzania. Methods: The training took place one month after baseline data collection. Data collection was undertaken eight months after training and the effects of training was evaluated. The 40 drug stores were divided into 20 intervention and 20 control facilities. Trained nurses were used as clients who posed as caretakers of sick under-five children needing medication. The drug dispensers/sellers knowledge of anti-malarials and other drugs and their dispensing practices was assessed. Results: The intervention seemed to have had a significant impact on knowledge pattern for prescribing and dispensing practices of drug stores for some common childhood illnesses but not in other control drug stores/shops. About 90 (n = 18) of shops prescribed to clients; the approved first-line anti-malarial drug for uncomplicated malaria (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine); as compared to only 55 (n = 11) of the control shops. Conclusion: Changing the private sectors' knowledge; behaviour and practices/performance may be a slow and difficult process. The intervention approach applied in this study seems to be feasible at district-level. This strategy can be applied in all districts of Tanzania with the aim of achieving significant improvements in knowledge; behaviour; compliance; improving performance and practices of drug sellers in drug stores/shops. However; other alternative strategies are needed to influence drug sellers'/dispensers' compliance and performance. Thus; the overall impact on performance and practices in these facilities will remain at moderate level for quite sometime unless national policies; other programs and stakeholders are involved actively