Exposição ambiental a desreguladores endócrinos: alterações na homeostase dos hormônios esteroidais e tireoideanos / Environmental exposure to endocrine disrupters: alterations in steroidal and thyroid hormones homeostasis

Endocrine disruptors, exogenous compounds that alter the endogenous hormone homeostasis, have been systematically discharged in the environment during the last 60 years. These contaminants have been related to the decrease of human sperm number and increased of the incidence of testicular, breast and thyroid cancer. During the same period, developmental and reproductive effects have also been documented in wildlife species. This work presents a review of the effects and mechanisms of action of steroidal and thyroid disruptors. Several studies from 1950 until 2008 were reviewed in PubMed, ScienceDirect databases and text books. Our findings showed that endocrine disruptors can act by the following mechanisms: i) inhibition of enzymes related to hormone synthesis; ii) alteration of free concentration of hormones by interaction with plasmatic globulins; iii) alteration in expression of hormone metabolism enzymes; iv) interaction with hormone receptors, acting as agonists or antagonists; v) alteration of signal transduction resulting from hormone action. The importance of the identification of endocrine disruptors involves characterization of environmental contaminants and inquiry of new substances discharged in the environment. The minimization of exposure and/or rationalization of the use of these compounds are related to the preservation of some species, in order to prevent extinction process.

Desreguladores endócrinos, substâncias exógenas que alteram a homeostase de hormônios endógenos, têm sido constantemente lançados no ambiente durante os últimos 60 anos. Esses contaminantes têm sido relacionados à diminuição da contagem espermática humana e ao aumento da incidência de câncer de testículo, mama e tireóide. No mesmo período, alterações no desenvolvimento e reprodução foram documentadas em espécies de animais selvagens. O objetivo do trabalho foi revisar os efeitos e mecanismos de ação dos desreguladores endócrinos que alteram a homeostase dos hormônios esteroidais e tireoideanos. Foi realizado um levantamento de artigos do período de 1950 a 2008 através das bases de dados PUBMED e ScienceDirect, além de livros da área. Os resultados mostram que os desreguladores endócrinos podem agir pelos seguintes mecanismos: i) inibição de enzimas relacionadas com a síntese de hormônios; ii) alteração da concentração livre de hormônios através da interação com globulinas plasmáticas; iii) alteração da expressão de enzimas relacionadas ao metabolismo hormonal; iv) interação com receptores hormonais, agindo como agonistas ou antagonistas; v) alteração da transdução de sinais resultante da ação hormonal. A importância da identificação dos desreguladores endócrinos envolve o estudo dos contaminantes ambientais e a investigação de novas substâncias lançadas no meio ambiente. A minimização da exposição e/ou a racionalização do uso desses compostos está relacionada a preservação de espécies, para previnir processos de extinção.

Mutagenic activity of sludge samples generated in dyeing processing textile plants

The treatment of dyeing processing textile plants effluents uses activated sludge system and can generate tons of sludges that needs to be appropriately disposed. Genotoxic compounds can be present in those sludges, especially from the class of the organics, that are difficult to be chemically analyzed in complex mixtures. The objective of this work was the evaluation of the genotoxic activity of sludge samples using the Salmonella microsome test, a bioassay very suitable for the screening of those substances in environmental samples. We analyzed 6 different textile dyeing facilities, that dyes both synthetic fibers (polyester, nylon and others) and cotton. The organic extractable material using methanol as solvent, varied from 0,24 to 6,7 por cento. From the 15 samples analyzed, 12 showed positive responses mainly with TA98 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9). Considering the type of the mutagenic response obtained, compounds such as azo dyes and or aromatic amines and others could be responsible for this activity. A chemical characterization of the genotoxic compounds present in those samples is very important in order to allow an adequate classification and disposal of this type of waste