Interpretation of Technical Guide for Prevention and Control of Abnormal Spinal Curvature in Children and Adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#In China, the prevalence of abnormal spinal curvature in children and adolescents is high, and the number of cases is increasing in recent years, which seriously threatens physical and mental health of children and adolescents. Prevention and control of abnormal spinal curvature in children and adolescents should be implemented in a systematic approach, requiring joint efforts of individuals, families, schools, medical institutions, as well as government agencies and society. In order to strengthen prevention and control against abnormal spinal curvature in children and adolescents, and to guide standardized and scientific implementation of comprehensive prevention and control measures, Technical Guide for Prevention and Control of Abnormal Spinal Curvature in Children and Adolescents (hereinafter referred to as the Guide) was compiled by the National Health Commission Disease Control Bureau of the PRC. The guide shows important guiding significance for carrying out national normative epidemiological investigation, screening and prevention and control of abnormal spinal curvature in children and adolescents. In order to improve the understanding of the Guide for public health professionals and those concerned about the prevention and control of spinal curvature abnormalities in children and adolescents, this paper illustrates background, significance and main contents of the Guide.

Minimum dataset standard for cohort study of high-risk population of stroke based on regional big data platform: a consensus / 预防医学

@#A large cohort study of high-risk population of stroke based on the real world is of great significance for stroke prevention and control. However, the data element structures, variable definitions and scopes of regional big data platforms are inconsistent, which will be an obstacle for data sharing, summary, and analysis among different regions. In this study, we formed an expert consensus on a unified minimum dataset standard for the cohort study of high-risk population of stroke, considering the categories and definitions of risk factors of stroke, and the existing database of the regional big data platforms. The consensus shall provide a reference for the comparison, integration, and sharing of real world data within and between regions, and play an important role in the cohort study on risk factors of stroke, as well as the implementation and evaluation of prevention and control measures.

Evidence based systematic review on the association between social built environment and childhood obesity / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To evaluate the impact of community built environment and the distribution of fast food restaurants on childhood obesity, and to provide evidence support for childhood obesity prevention and control strategies in China.@*Methods@#A systematic review method was used to search relevant literatures published to November 30，2020 from 8 databases including CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, PubMed, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Science Direct. The high quality system reviews published since 2016 were included directly, and those published before 2016 were reviewed before combined with other literatures.@*Results@#A total of 20 articles were included for evaluation, including systematic reviews, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials and cross sectional studies. High walkability near the living area could increase children s physical activity levels and reduce the risk of obesity. The fast food sales environment increased the risk of obesity; while large supermarkets or health food sales environment could reduce the risk of obesity.@*Conclusion@#Improving walking suitability in residential areas and reducing the density of unhealthy fast food sales could help decrease the risk of childhood obesity.

Evidence based systematic review on the association between sugar sweetened beverages tax and childhood obesity / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To evaluate the impact of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) tax on childhood obesity by literatures reveiew, and to provide evidence support for childhood obesity prevention and control strategies in China.@*Methods@#A systematic review method was used to search relevant literatures published to November 30，2020 from 8 databases including CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Medline, SpringerLink, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The high quality system reviews published since 2016 were included directly, and those published before 2016 were rereviewed before combined with other literatures.@*Results@#Twelve studies including 5 systematic reviews (or Meta analysis), 1 cohort study and 6 cross sectional studies were included. Comprehensive analysis showed that the prevention effect on childhood obesity was small or even ineffective if the tax on SSBs lower than 5%, a certain protective effect on childhood obesity could be shown if the tax on SSBs increased to 20%. From the perspective of cost benefit analysis, the implementation of SSBs tax showed certain net benefits.@*Conclusion@#SSBs tax can help reduce the risk of childhood obesity.

Evidence based qualitative study on community food environment and childhood obesity / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To systematically evaluate the relationship between the community food environment with overweight and obesity risk in children,and to provide evidence based evidence for the development of guidelines and policies.@*Methods@#Relevant Chinese and English literatures published from 1998 to 2020 were searched in the database of CBM, CNKI, Wanfang Data, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase.@*Results@#A total of 8 English literatures were included in this systematic evaluation, including 3 cohort studies and 5 cross sectional studies. The results showed that the number and type, as well as distance to food stores/restaurants in the neighborhood of family or school were associated with the weight status, waist circumference and obesity risk of children. The number of fast food restaurants, convenience stores, and grocery stores was positively correlated with the risk of childhood obesity,and the number of supermarkets and free markets was associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity in children.@*Conclusion@#The community food environment might be associated with childhood obesity, which is warrented more high quality scientific evidence.

Evidence based systematic review on the association between food advertising with childhood obesity / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To evaluate the impact of food advertising on childhood obesity by reviewing relevant literatures, and to provide evidence support for childhood obesity prevention and control strategies in China.@*Methods@#A systematic review method was used to search relevant literatures published to November 30，2020 from 8 databases including CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Medline, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Science Direct. The high quality systematic reviews published since 2016 were included directly, and those published before 2016 were rereviewed after combined with other literatures.@*Results@#A total of 13 articles were included for evaluation, including systematic reviews, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials and cross sectional studies. Children s exposure to food advertisements could increase energy intake. Television food advertising could influence children s food choices and increase the consumption of unhealthy foods such as sweets and sugary drinks. Children s exposure to unhealthy food advertisements could increase the risk of obesity.@*Conclusion@#Regulating the food advertisement can help reduce the risk of childhood obesity.

Physical activity, physical fitness and academic achievement in adolescents: a systematic review / Atividade física, aptidão física e desempenho acadêmico em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática / Actividad física, aptitud física y desempeño académico en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To synthesize the evidence available in the literature on the relationship between the components of physical activity, physical fitness and academic achievement in adolescents. Methods: The review followed the methodological procedures described by PRISMA and was carried out in the Lilacs, Medline, SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct databases. Quantitative empirical studies published as of 2006 were included. The following descriptors and keywords were used: "Motor activity", "Physical fitness", "Physical activity", "Educational status", "Academic achievement", "Academic performance", and their equivalents in Portuguese and Spanish. Results: The most widely investigated variable was physical fitness (45.5%) followed by physical activity (40.9%), whereas only three studies (13.6%) investigated both. Conclusion: Physical activity and physical fitness are positively associated with the academic achievement of adolescents. In more than 80% of studies the association was considered strong. The physical fitness component most frequently associated with academic achievement was cardiorespiratory fitness. Level of evidence II; Systematic review.

RESUMO Objetivo: Sintetizar as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca da relação entre os componentes da atividade física, da aptidão física e o desempenho acadêmico em adolescentes. Métodos: A revisão seguiu os procedimentos metodológicos descritos pelo PRISMA e foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science e Science Direct. Foram incluídos estudos empíricos, de natureza quantitativa, publicados a partir do ano de 2006. Os descritores e palavras chave utilizados foram: "Motor activity", "Physical fitness", "Physical activity", "Educational status", "Academic achievement", "Academic performance" e seus equivalentes em português e espanhol. Resultados: A aptidão física foi a variável mais investigada (45,5%), seguida da atividade físic (40,9%), sendo que três estudos (13,6%) investigaram ambas. Conclusão: Atividade física e aptidão física estão positivamente associadas ao desempenho acadêmico de adolescentes. Em mais de 80% dos estudos a associação foi considerada forte. O componente da aptidão física mais frequentemente associado ao desempenho acadêmico foi a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática.

RESUMEN Objetivo: sintetizar las evidencias disponibles en la literatura sobre la relación entre los componentes de la actividad física, de la aptitud física y el desempeño académico en adolescentes. Métodos: La revisión siguió los procedimientos metodológicos descritos por PRISMA y se realizó en las bases de datos Lilacs, Medline, SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science y Science Direct. Se incluyeron estudios empíricos, de naturaleza cuantitativa, publicados a partir de 2006. Las palabras clave y los descriptores utilizados fueron: "Motor activity", "Physical fitness", "Physical activity", "Educational status", "Academic achievement", "Academic performance", y sus equivalentes en portugués y español. Resultados: La aptitud física fue la variable más investigada (45,5%), seguida de la actividad física (40,9%), siendo que tres estudios (13,6%) investigaron ambas. Conclusión: La actividad física y la aptitud física están positivamente asociados al desempeño académico de los adolescentes. En más de 80% de los estudios la asociación se consideró fuerte. El componente de la aptitud física más frecuentemente asociado al desempeño académico fue la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Nivel de evidencia II; Revisión sistemática.

Strategies of primary prevention of liver cancer in China: expert consensus (2018) / 中华预防医学杂志

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers in China. The major risk factors are chronic infections of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), high exposure to aflatoxins. In addition, exposure to cyanotoxins and some preventable health behaviors are also recognized to contribute to liver cancer development. To relieve the disease burden, primary prevention of etiological interventions is an important strategy. Based on the liver cancer epidemiology in China and the effective evidences and results from the etiological interventions conduced in Chinese population domestically, the following strategies are recommended in the "Strategies of primary prevention of liver cancer: Expert Consensus (2018)" to promote the effective prevention of liver cancer in general population. Immunization with HBV vaccines, including the immune programs to neonates, infants and children born to mothers with different status of HBV infection. Antiviral therapies to the patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Avoiding or reducing the exposure to aflatoxins as well as the cyanotoxins. Changing harmful life style, including quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption etc.

Technical guidelines for prevention and control of human adenovirus respiratory infection (2019 edition) / 中华预防医学杂志

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is one of the common pathogens causing human respiratory infections and HAdV infection can result in a variety of diseases. In recent years, outbreaks of HAdV infection have been detected from time to time in China and clustered severe cases have been reported in some regions. This technical guideline has been timely developed to provide technical support on the control and prevention of HAdV respiratory infections. It provides an overview of etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment principles of HAdV infection, determines the definitions of laboratory-confirmed cases, clinically diagnosed cases, severe and critically severe HAdV pneumonia cases. Then the workflow of case detecting and reporting, and the outbreak epidemic disposal has been formulated. Finally, the control and prevention measures in places at high risk for HAdV transmission and individual preventive measures also has been introduced.

Consensus on clinical application of transient elastography detecting liver fibrosis: a 2018 update / 中华肝脏病杂志

Transient elastography is a noninvasive, rapid ultrasonic elastography, and assess liver fibrosis by detetcting liver stiffness. Current consensus focuses on understanding influence factors on operation and diagnosis, recommendations for clinical application on detetcting liver fibrosis of chronic liver disease and monitoring development of related complication hepatocelullar carcinoma, high risk esophageal varices, and also summarizes the potential aplication on liver disease screening and liver fibrosis regression assessment.

Consensus on management of drug-drug interaction with direct-acting antiviral agents in chronic hepatitis C / 中华肝脏病杂志

Approved direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA ) in chronic hepatitis C were introduced. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics data of DAAs were analyzed. Comorbidity and concomitant medications of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients were extracted from Chinese Health Insurance database. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were calculated by integrated above data and confirmed by using Liverpool DDI website. Based on those data, experts propose consensus on management of drug-drug interaction with direct-acting antiviral agents in chronic hepatitis C, including pre-treatment, on-treatment, and post-treatment.

Strategies of primary prevention of liver cancer in China: Expert Consensus (2018) / 中华肿瘤杂志

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers in China. The major risk factors are chronic infections of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), high exposure to aflatoxins. In addition, exposure to cyanotoxins and some preventable health behaviors are also recognized to contribute to liver cancer development. To relieve the disease burden, primary prevention of etiological interventions is an important strategy. Based on the liver cancer epidemiology in China and the effective evidences and results from the etiological interventions conduced in Chinese population domestically, the following strategies are recommended in the "Strategies of primary prevention of liver cancer: Expert Consensus (2018)" to promote the effective prevention of liver cancer in general population. Immunization with HBV vaccines, including the immune programs to neonates, infants and children born to mothers with different status of HBV infection. Antiviral therapies to the patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Avoiding or reducing the exposure to aflatoxins as well as the cyanotoxins. Changing harmful life style, including quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption etc.

The study on the effectiveness of impregnated shirt with Bifenthrin 2% EC to prevent mosquito biting in the rubber plantation

This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of impregnated shirt with Bifenthrin 2% EC to prevent mosquito biting in the rubber plantation. The three kinds of shirts included shirt worn on daily basis, shirt with dry latex, and shirt with impregnated Bifenthrin 2% EC. These shirt were worn by 6 people and rotate to wear these shirts one by one during 07.00-08.30 am. Mosquitoes will be collected for 4 days during the research period. The result is the mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus) landing-biting people who wore all three kinds of shirts. The mosquito landing-biting rates of wearing shirt without Bifenthrin 2% EC, shirt with dry latex, and shirt with dry latex and impregnated Bifenthrin 2% EC were 18, 8.89, and 2 mosquitoes/person/hour, respectively which had statistical significant difference. (p-value

Breeding sites of Aedes albopictus in epidemic area of Chikungunya

 The present study aimed to delineate the key containers, breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes in suburban and rural areas where Chikungunya outbreak occurred. The survey was carried out at Ampur Muang and Hui-Yod, Trang Province during July-August 2009. Both containers with and without water were surveyed, mosquito larva index were calculated and all the larvae were identified to species. The results revealed the house index of 73 and 75 were obtained from 26 and 12 surveyed houses of suburban area and rural area, respectively. The key containers in houses were cement tanks in toilet (CI = 24.1) and all collected larvae were Aedes aegypti. The key containers in areas surrounding houses were coconut shells, plastic bottles, plant saucers and discarded tyres while in rubber plantations were broken rubber pots, coconut shells and coconut rubber pots. All the collected larvae in these areas were Aedes albopictus. The breeding sites found in areas surrounding houses had density more than one and in rubber plantations around 5.4 times. This study suggests that we should control the key breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes such as discarded containers by big cleaning campaign. The activities should emphasize on in house and area surrounding house and followed by in rubber plantation.Key words : breeding sites, Aedes albopictus, Chikungunya

Biting time of Aedes albopictus in the rubber plantation and the orchard, The Southernmost of Thailand

The objective of this study was to describe the biting time of Aedes albopictus in the rubber plantations and the orchards. It was performed in epidemic areas of Chikungunya of Songkhla and Satun Province in June and August 2009. Mosquitoes were induced by human bait. Two volunteers collected mosquitoes by sweep nets during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. then caught mosquitoes were kept for species identification. The results revealed that 110 female mosquitoes with rate of 4.58 per man-hour were caught in the rubber plantation while 172 female mosquitoes with rate of 7.17 per man-hour were caught in the orchard. The biting rate of Ae. albopictus in the rubber plantation showed 2 peaks, the first peak was at the sun rise and the second main peak was at before sun set while in the orchard, the biting rate was high and reached the peak during 06.00-11.00 am. The biting rates in the rubber plantation and in the orchard were the lowest during 12.00-01.00 pm. However, biting behavior of female mosquitoes may be influenced by daily human activities and also temperature in their environment.Key words : Biting time, Aedes albopictus, Rubber Plantations, Orchards

Surveillance of Aedes aegypti susceptibility to insecticides

The susceptibility of Aedes aegypti in eight province of the northeastern part of Thailand to 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.15 cyfuthrin, 0.75% and 5 % malathion in the year 2005 was compared with the delta in 2001 – 2002. The susceptibility test method followed the World Health Organization standard method. The results showed that Ae, aegypti in the urban areas were moderate to high susceptible to deltamathrin, cyfluthrin ans malathion. The mortality ratye was 81 – 100 %. In comparison with data in 2001 – 2002, the susceptibility to deltamethrin increased while those to malathion decreased. Ae. Aegypti in all studied areas showed the lowest susceptibility to permethrin. Different groups of insecticides should be used in Vector control in order to prevent the rapid development of resistance caused by the continuation use of any single insecticide. It is also necessary to monitor the susceptibility of Ae, aegypti to different insecticides being used in different areas of the country. This information is necessary for the appropriate management of vector control in different areas. Key word: Aedes aegypti, susceptibility, inseticide

Efficacy and sustainable killing effect of Themephos 1% SG and Pyriproxyfen 0.5 % G against Aedes aegypti larva

Abstract not available

Effcacy of Temephos on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae.

The study was aimed to compare efficacy of 1 ppm Temephos solution on Aedesaegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. In the same area, ovitraps for collection both mosquitoes eggs were prepared, collected and carried to the laboratory. Eggs were immersed in water to induce larvae hatching. After hatching, laboratory generation of F1 stage 4 mosquitoes were used in this assay. Sixty paper cups were contain 100 ml of 1 ppm temephos solution each cup consisted of 10 larvae in 100 ml temephos solution : 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. aegypti larvae/cup and other 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. albopictus larvae/cup. Check the time beginning of the test and the time to take the larvae died. The results reveal that the first larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were died at 32 and 37 minute and last larvae died at 81 and 91 minute respectively. The death time averages of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae were 49.203 ± 7.863 and 54.95 ± 9.636, respectively. (significant with p\< 0.05). The death time that most of Ae. albopictus larvae, n=30, died within 46 minutes and most of Ae. aegypti larvae, n=65, died within 56 minutes. Keywords : Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Temephos 2% w/w 

Study on the effect of red lime solution on the oviposition of Aedes aegypti L.

The study on the effect of red lime solution on the oviposition of Aedes aegypti L. was conducted using 4-day old, blood-fed Aedes aegypti L. females. Twenty mosquitoes were kept in each of 10 rearing cages. Four cups containing filter papers along with three concentrations (w/v) of red lime solution, namely, 0.06%, 0.6%, and 6.0%, and pure water, as control, were provided in each rearing cage for oviposition sites. The result revealed that Aedes aegypti L. females were able to lay eggs on all filter papers. A total of 1340, 372, 87 and 2881 eggs were laid in the cups containing 0.06%, 0.6%, 6.0% red lime solution and pure water, respectively. There was no significant difference in number of eggs between the concentration of 0.6% and 6.0% (P\>0.01). On the other hand, there were highly significant differences among other concentrations of red lime solution ( P