HIV-1 genetic diversity and resistance to antiretroviral drugs among pregnant women in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. Cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Increasing genetic diversity of HIV-1 and emergence of drug-resistant mutations may reduce the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis that are used to prevent mother-to-child transmission. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and prevalence of drug-resistant mutations among HIV-infected pregnant women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at an outpatient clinic for infectious diseases within gynecology and obstetrics. METHODS: This study evaluated the dynamics of HIV-1 subtypes and the prevalence of transmitted and acquired drug-resistant mutations among 38 HIV-infected pregnant women (20 previously exposed to antiretroviral therapy and 18 naive), in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil, between 2010 and 2011. Genotyping was performed by means of molecular sequencing of the protease and reverse transcriptase regions of the HIV-1 pol gene. RESULTS: Subtype B was identified in 84.2% of the samples, recombinant forms between B and F in 7.9%, subtype F1 in 5.3% and the recombinant form K/F in 2.6%. No mutation associated with transmitted drug resistance was detected in the samples from the naive pregnant women, whereas mutations associated with acquired drug resistance were found in 35.0% of the pregnant women previously exposed to antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION: The results showed that subtype B predominated, while there was low prevalence of sequences with transmitted drug resistance.

Anemia e perfil de lipídeos em gestantes vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Anemia and lipids profile in pregnant women living with HIV

A infecção pelo HIV associa-se à anemia e às alterações no perfil de lipídeos de pessoas que vivem com o vírus. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prevalência de anemia e as alterações nos níveis de lipídeos em gestantes que vivem com HIV/aids. O estudo foi do tipo coorte retrospectiva, realizado com 117 gestantes, em uso de terapia antirretroviral combinada, atendidas em ambulatório de pré-natal no período de 2010 a 2012, utilizando-se de dados secundários. A prevalência de anemia foi de 45,6% e nenhuma gestante apresentou anemia severa. Observou-se aumento progressivo das dosagens de colesterol total (p<0,001), HDL (p=0,05), LDL (p<0,001) e triglicérides (p<0,001), com maior aumento dos níveis de triglicérides ao longo dos três trimestres gestacionais. O monitoramento da presença de anemia e dos níveis de lipídeos ao longo da gestação é essencial para a realização de intervenções precoces, quando necessário, evitando complicações gestacionais e desfechos indesejados.

HIV infection is associated with anemia and with changes in the profile of lipids in HIV-infected people. Current retrospective study described the prevalence of anemia and changes in lipid levels in pregnant women living with HIV/AIDS and was performed with 117 pregnant women who were using antiretroviral therapy in pre-natal clinics, between 2010 and 2012, through secondary data. The prevalence of anemia reached 45.6%, although no one had severe anemia. There was a progressive increase in total cholesterol (p<0.001), HDL (p=0.05), LDL (p<0.001) and triglycerides (p<0.001), with greater increase in triglycerides levels throughout pregnancy. Monitoring anemia and lipid levels during pregnancy is crucial for early interventions since undesirable complications and unwanted results are avoided.

Conhecimento de mulheres sobre alguns aspectos do papiloma vírus humano / The knowledge of women on some aspects of human papillomavirus

Verificar o conhecimento de mulheres atendidas em dois ambulatórios de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia sobre o Papiloma Vírus Humano (HPV). Metodologia:foram utilizados dados secundários de um banco de dados eletrônico em que as informações foram coletadas por meio de um questionário no período de 2007 a 2012. Resultados: foram incluídas 1.470 mulheres com média de idade de 30,7 anos. Dentre as mulheres, 51,0% já haviam ouvido falar de HPV, porém, apenas 41,6% sabiam da transmissão sexual e 33,3% da relação do patógeno com o câncer de colo uterino. Conclusão: os dados permitiram concluir que o conhecimento sobre HPV é deficiente, necessitando desenvolvimento de ações educativas voltadas para a prevenção da infecção pelo HPV e seu agravamento...

The current study aimed to assess the knowledge of women seen in two outpatient clinic of gynecology and obstetrics about the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Methodology: using secondary data from an electronic database that information was collected through a questionnaire during the period from 2007 to 2012. Results: were included 1470 women with average age of 30.7 years. Among women, 51.0% had heard about HPV, but only 41.6% knew of its sexual transmission and 33.3% knew about the relation of the pathogen with cervical cancer. Conclusion: data allowed to conclude that knowledge about HPV is poor, requiring improvement of educational interventions for the prevention of HPV infection and its worsening...

Microbiologic profile of flexible endoscope disinfection in two Brazilian hospitals

BACKGROUD: Endoscopes are routinely used in hospitals and clinics of the world and they can be potential sources of cross-infection when the decontamination process is unsuitable AIM: The routines of flexible endoscope (bronchoscopes, esophagogastroduodenoscopes and colonoscopes) disinfection procedures used in two Brazilian university hospitals were evaluated during a 3-year period METHODS: Aleatory samples from internal channels of endoscopes were collected after patient examination and after cleaning/disinfection procedures RESULTS: A contamination >3 log10 was achieved in samples recovered from endoscopes after patient examination. These samples yielded gram-negative bacilli (n = 142: 56 percent), gram-positive cocci (n = 43: 17 percent), yeast cells (n = 43: 17 percent), and gram-positive bacilli (n = 26: 10 percent). Approximately, 72 out of 149 samples (48.32 percent) collected after undergoing the cleaning and disinfection procedures disclosed gram-negative bacilli (n = 55: 61 percent), gram-positive cocci (n = 21: 23 percent), gram-positive bacilli (n = 8: 9 percent) and yeast cells (n = 6: 7 percent). Esophagogastroduodenoscopes and colonoscopes were the most frequently contaminated devices. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulase negative, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, Bacillus spp and Corynebacterium spp were predominantly identified CONCLUSION: Inappropriate cleaning and low times of disinfection were respectively the major factors associated with the presence of microorganisms in colonoscopes and esophagogastroduodenoscopes. By analyzing the identified germs, hospital disinfection was considered of either intermediate or poor level. After this investigation, both university centers improved their previous protocols for...

RACIONAL: Endoscópios são rotineiramente utilizados em hospitais e clínicas e podem ser fontes potenciais de infecção cruzada quando a descontaminação é inadequada OBJETIVO: As rotinas de descontaminação dos endoscópios flexíveis (broncoscópios, gastrocópios e colonoscópios) realizadas em dois hospitais universitários do Brasil foram avaliadas durante 3 anos MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Amostras aleatórias foram coletadas dos canais internos dos endoscópios, depois que o aparelho era utilizado nos pacientes e após o processo de desinfecção RESULTADOS: Contaminação superior a 103 foi verificada em amostras coletadas após o exame endoscópico, sendo isolado bacilos gram-negativos (n = 142: 56 por cento), cocos gram-positivos (n = 43: 17 por cento), leveduras (n = 43: 17 por cento) e bacilos gram-positivos (n = 26: 10 por cento). Em 72 das 149 amostras coletadas após procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção, detectou-se bacilos gram-negativos (n = 55: 61 por cento), cocos gram-positivos (n = 21: 23 por cento), bacilos gram-positivos (n = 8: 9 por cento) e leveduras (n = 6: 7 por cento). Gastroscópios e colonoscópios eram os aparelhos com maior freqüência e taxa de contaminação. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulase negative, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, Bacillus spp and Corynebacterium spp foram os mais identificados CONCLUSÃO: A limpeza inapropriada e curto período de tempo de desinfecção eram, respectivamente, os maiores fatores associados com a presença de microrganismos em gastroscópios e colonoscópios. De acordo com os organismos isolados, considera-se que a desinfecção nos hospitais era de nível baixo a intermediário. Após a investigação, os centros de endoscopia adequaram seus protocolos, sanando os problemas verificados nos procedimentos...