Valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido em diferentes idades de rebrota / [Nutritional value of fresh elephantgrass harvested at different regrowth ages]

Avaliou-se o valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido aos 56, 84 e 112 dias de idade, por meio do consumo e da digestibilidade em ovinos, da degradabilidade in situ e da cinética da fermentação ruminal. O capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias proporcionou maiores valores de consumo da MS (1204,81g/dia), da EB (4910,41kcal/dia), da ED (3436,21kcal/dia) e da PB (130,90g/dia). Para o capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias, ainda foram observados os maiores valores de digestibilidade da MS (70,64%), da EB (70,11%), da PB (68,96%), da FDN (71,4%) e do conteúdo ED (2,86Mcal/kg MS). Com o avanço da idade de corte, houve redução da degradabilidade potencial da MS (77,99% x 68,33%), da PB (84,80% x 56,52%) e da FDN (72,18% x 64,33%), para as idades de corte de 56 e 112 dias, respectivamente. O capim cortado aos 56 dias apresentou maior valor de produção cumulativa de gases (210,50mL/g de MS) e de degradabilidade da matéria seca (63,9%) após 96 horas de fermentação. O capim-elefante verde deve ser colhido aos 56 dias de rebrota em razão das características nutricionais apresentadas.(AU)

The nutritional value of fresh elephant grass harvested at 56, 84 and 112 days of age was evaluated by intake and digestibility in sheep, in situ degradability, and ruminal fermentation's kinetics. The elephant grass harvested at 56 days provided higher DM intake (1204.81g/day), GE (4910.41kcal/day), DE (3436.21kcal/day), and CP (130.90g/day) values. Furthermore, the highest DM (70.64%), GE (70.11%), DE (2.86%) and CP (68.96%) digestibility values were observed at 56 days. With the increase in the harvest age there was a reduction in the DM (77.99 x 68.33%), CP (84.80 x 56.52%) and NDF (72.18 x 64.33%) potential degradability in the treatments 56 and 112 days, respectively. Higher values of cumulative gas production (210,50mL/g DM) and DM degradability for elephant grass were observed at 56 days, after 96 hours of fermentation. The fresh elephant grass should be harvested at 56 days of regrowth due to the nutritional characteristics found in this study.(AU)

La complejidad del entorno en la gestión de la seguridad ciudadana ante el Covid-19 / The environment complexity in the management of citizen security by Covid-19

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las posibles vías de elaboración de vacunas basado en técnicas novedosas que, aunado al gran esfuerzo que se está realizando en otras áreas de la ciencia, podrían ser clave para mitigar los efectos de del COVI 19, tomando en cuenta la declaración que se hizo en Venezuela el 13 de marzo del 2020 por parte del Ejecutivo Nacional de las medidas del Aislamiento Social ante la pandemia declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como consecuencia de la presencia del COVID-19. Lo anterior generó la necesidad de acceder a las cifras del índice delictivo de las cuatro semanas anteriores a la declaratoria del aislamiento social y relacionarlas al primer mes de la cuarentena social. Con estos datos centrados en el estado Miranda y aportados por la Secretaría Coordinadora de Seguridad y Paz Ciudadana de esta entidad en relación a los delitos de Homicidio, Robo y Hurto, como muestra de la realidad nacional, se realizaron comparaciones entre estos dos períodos. De este análisis se presenta como conclusión una disminución de un 79% de la incidencia delictiva acumulada en el primer mes del aislamiento social en relación con el mes anterior. Centrado en estas conclusiones se presentan las recomendaciones y aspectos de interés a ser monitoreados desde las capacidades científicas, tecnológicas y de innovación de los organismos de seguridad ciudadana(AU)

This essay seeks to provide recommendations for effective-ness and efficiency in police institutions, to make optimal use of available resources and to best adapt them to the specific realities faced in the social field where these organizations carry out their activities, under the current condition of Social Isolation, as a governance action taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The different environment situations to be faced by citizen security organiza-tions, determine the complexity of this, and the response mechanisms of these institu-tions constitute management models to the different varieties to be assumed and detailed in this work. The decree issued by the Venezuelan government on March 13, 2020, imposing Social Isolation because of the COVID-19 pandemic declared by the World Health Organization, created the need to access the crime rate figures of the four weeks prior to the declaration of social isolation, and link them to the first month of social quarantine. With this data focused on the Miranda State and provided by the Coordinating Secretary of Security and Citizen Peace of this entity in relation to the crimes of: Homicide, Robbery and theft, comparisons were made between these two periods. This analysis reflects a 79% decrease in the reported crime incidence in the first month of social isolation compared to the previous month, and focused on these findings, recommendations and aspects of interest are given, to be monitored from the scientific, technological and innovation capacities of citizen security agencies(AU)

Effect of exercise training on ventilatory efficiency in patients with heart disease: a review

The analysis of ventilatory efficiency in cardiopulmonary exercise testing has proven useful for assessing the presence and severity of cardiorespiratory diseases. During exercise, efficient pulmonary gas exchange is characterized by uniform matching of lung ventilation with perfusion. By contrast, mismatching is marked by inefficient pulmonary gas exchange, requiring increased ventilation for a given CO2 production. The etiology of increased and inefficient ventilatory response to exercise in heart disease is multifactorial, involving both peripheral and central mechanisms. Exercise training has been recommended as non-pharmacological treatment for patients with different chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. In this respect, previous studies have reported improvements in ventilatory efficiency after aerobic exercise training in patients with heart disease. Against this background, the primary objective of the present review was to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in abnormal ventilatory response to exercise, with an emphasis on both patients with heart failure syndrome and coronary artery disease. Secondly, special focus was dedicated to the role of aerobic exercise training in improving indices of ventilatory efficiency among these patients, as well as to the underlying mechanisms involved.

Effects of continuous vs interval exercise training on oxygen uptake efficiency slope in patients with coronary artery disease

The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a submaximal index incorporating cardiovascular, peripheral, and pulmonary factors that determine the ventilatory response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous exercise training and interval exercise training on the OUES in patients with coronary artery disease. Thirty-five patients (59.3±1.8 years old; 28 men, 7 women) with coronary artery disease were randomly divided into two groups: continuous exercise training (n=18) and interval exercise training (n=17). All patients performed graded exercise tests with respiratory gas analysis before and 3 months after the exercise-training program to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), respiratory compensation point, and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2). The OUES was assessed based on data from the second minute of exercise until exhaustion by calculating the slope of the linear relation between oxygen uptake and the logarithm of total ventilation. After the interventions, both groups showed increased aerobic fitness (P<0.05). In addition, both the continuous exercise and interval exercise training groups demonstrated an increase in OUES (P<0.05). Significant associations were observed in both groups: 1) continuous exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.57; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.57); 2) interval exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.80; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.67). Continuous and interval exercise training resulted in a similar increase in OUES among patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that improvements in OUES among CAD patients after aerobic exercise training may be dependent on peripheral and central mechanisms.

Alta prevalencia de IgG anti citomegalovirus en 583 embarazos: Hospital Padre Hurtado / High prevalence of IgG anti cytomegalovirus in 583 pregnancies: Hospital Padre Hurtado

ANTECEDENTES: Citomegalovirus (CMV) es la infección congénita más frecuente, demostrado en el 1% de recién nacidos en países desarrollados. Es la primera causa de sordera y alteraciones del desarrollo neuro-lógico infantil. Recientes estudios han demostrado que la seropositividad no evita una reinfección materna ni la enfermedad congénita, por lo que la caracterización de la seroprevalencia permite saber si la infección congénita proviene mayoritariamente de primoinfección o de reinfección. OBJETIVOS: Conocer la seroprevalencia al parto en 583 mujeres beneficiarías del Hospital Padre Hurtado durante mayo y junio del 2006. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, en que se estudio la presencia de IgG anti CMV en sangre materna al parto. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una seroprevalencia de 95%, sin casos de infección sintomática al nacer. CONCLUSIÓN: La seroprevalencia es elevada, lo que sugiere que la reinfección sería la forma principal de infección congénita. Un estudio en recién nacidos con cultivos virales o PCR permitiría conocer la tasa de infección congénita real, y no un estudio basado en seroconversión pues omitiría todos los casos que reinfección, que serían mayoritarios.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus is the most frequent congenital infection, affecting 1% of the population in developed countries, and the leading cause of deafness and brain development abnormalities in children. Recent studies have demonstrated that seropositivity do not avoid reinfection and congenital disease. OBJECTIVE: To study the seroprevalence in 583 pregnant women at delivery at Padre Hurtado Hospital, during 2006. METHODS: Prospective, observational study, in which maternal blood at delivery was studied for the presence of anti CMV IgG. RESULTS: There was 95% seroprevalence, without any case of symptomatic infection. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence supports that most of the cases of congenital disease would occur in seropositive women, supporting that reinfection is the main way of neonatal compromise. This supports that a study with direct detection in liveborns would be suitable to reveal the impact of cytomegalovirus in our population and not that of seroconversión.

Consumo de antimicrobianos parenterales en diferentes hospitales de Chile durante el año 2005 / Intravenous antimicrobial use among different hospital in Chile during 2005

Intravenous antimicrobial consumption has not been evaluated previously in Chile. In order to know this consumption (in DDD per 100 bed days), associated factors and antimicrobial control systems across the country, a questionnaire was sent to evalúate these features during 2005. A total of 29 public hospitals and private clinics answered this poli, 20 belonging to the public health system (69 percent). Only 48.1 percent declared to have an independent antimicrobial committee and 17.2 percent allowed unrestricted antimicrobial use. Glycopeptides and carbapenems were the most regulated compounds (75.9 and 82.8 percent, respectively). Antimicrobial controls systems were more frequently declared among public hospitals and only non-public hospitals permitted free use of antimicrobials. Global consumption reached 59.98 DDD per 100 bed-days, with beta-lactams representing 74.3 percent of this consume (44.57 DDD per 100), and cephalosporms 43 percent (25.78 DDD per 100). Chloramphemcol, penicillin G and cloxacillin use was significantly higher among public hospitals. The opposite was observed for imipenem-cilastatin, linezolid, cefuroxime and caspofungin with higher consumes observed among non-public hospitals. In a multivariate analysis, increased cefazolin use was independently associated with sites allowing unrestricted use, and ciprofloxacin consumption with non-public hospitals. Institutions with decreased susceptibility to imipenem-cilastatin among non-fermentative gram negative bacilli showed a higher use of this compound and linezolid consumption paralleled vancomycin-resistant enterococci prevalence. It is necessary to reinforce governmental regulations about antimicrobial use issued during 1999.

El consumo de antimicrobianos parenterales en hospitales y sus sistemas de control no han sido evaluados previamente en Chile. Para conocer la magnitud de este consumo (en DDD por 100 días camas), los potenciales factores asociados y los sistemas de regulación, se aplicó una encuesta en una muestra de hospitales públicos y privados a lo largo del país durante el año 2005. Un total de 29 hospitales o clínicas contestaron la encuesta, 20 de tipo público (69 por ciento). Sólo 48,1 por ciento declaró contar con un comité independiente de antimicrobianos y 17,2 por cientoo permite el uso libre sin ninguna restricción. Los carbapenémicos y glicopéptidos fueron los compuestos más supervisados (82,8 y 75,9 por cientoo, respectivamente). Los programas de control sobre antimicrobianos fueron más frecuentes en los hospitales públicos que en el resto y sólo los hospitales no públicos permitían el uso libre sin restricciones. El consumo global de los compuestos antibacterianos alcanzó 59,98 DDD por 100 días camas, representando los ß-lactámicos el 74,3 por cientoo de este consumo (44,57 DDD por 100) y las cefalosporinas el 43 por cientoo de este valor (25,78 DDD por 100). El consumo de cloranfenicol, penicilina G y cloxacilina fue más elevado en los hospitales públicos. En contraste, el consumo de imipenem-cilastatina, linezolid, cefuroxima y caspofungina, fue más elevado en los de tipo no público. El mayor consumo de cefazolina apareció ligado, en un análisis multi-variado, al uso libre sin restricción y el mayor consumo de ciprofloxacina, a los hospitales no públicos. Aquellos lugares que tuvieron un mayor consumo de imipenem-cilastatina presentaron una menor susceptibilidad a este compuesto en cepas de P. aeruginosa y A. baumannii. El consumo de linezolid fue mayor en lugares con mayores porcentajes de aislados de Enterococcus sp resistente a vancomicina. Los datos demuestran que es necesario reforzar las medidas ministeriales vigentes desde 1999...

Síndrome hemolítico urémico asociado a infección intestinal por Escherichia coli productora de shigatoxina (STEC) en pacientes chilenos: aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos / Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated to shigatoxin producing Escherichia coli in Chilean children: clinical and epidemiological aspects

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC) infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are reviewed. Surveillance results from 14 sentinel centers during 2000-2002 showed a mean incidence rate of 3.4 HUS cases per 100.000 children, with the highest incidence in the 6 to 28 month age group. Disease is endemic with summer peaks. Between 1988 and 2002 we obtained the clinical characteristics of a group of 119 HUS children with the following results: mean age 16 months, bloody diarrhea 57.8 percent, no previous diarrhea 9 percent, 60 percent received antibiotics, 72 percent had oligoanuria, 53 percent required dialysis, 15 percent had seizures and 31 percent had dizziness; mortality was 3 percent. Four foodborne outbreaks have been detected in Santiago, two outbreaks occurred in household settings, one in a Day Care Center and one in a Neonatal Unit. Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of STEC infections, including potential vaccines are discussed.

Se revisan y actualizan aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de las infecciones por Escherichia coli productora de shigatoxina (STEC), y el síndrome hemolítico urémico (SHU). Se incluyen resultados de una vigilancia de SHU en 14 centros centinelas (2000-2002), que mostró una incidencia promedio de 3,4 casos por 100.000 niños, 78 por ciento) en el grupo de 6 a 48 meses. Esta vigilancia reflejó una situación endémica, con aumento en verano. Se analiza la observación clínica protocolizada de 119 pacientes con SHU hospitalizados en la Región Metropolitana (RM) (1988 y 2002). Edad promedio: 16 meses. El 578 por ciento> tenía diarrea con sangre, 9 por ciento> no tenía diarrea previa, 60 por ciento> recibió antibacterianos, 72 por ciento> presentó oligoanuria y 53 por ciento> necesitó diálisis. El 31 por cientoo tuvo compromiso de conciencia y 15 por cientoo presentó convulsiones. Letalidad 3 por ciento. Se analizan brotes de STEC asociados a alimentos ocurridos en la RM en el hogar (2), un jardín infantil (1) y en un servicio de neonatología (1). Finalmente, se entregar recomendaciones para el manejo clínico y prevención, se revisan los criterios diagnósticos, nuevas estrategias terapéuticas y progresos en el desarrollo de vacunas.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Bartonella henselae en niños, en adolescentes y en una población de riesgo ocupacional en Chile / Prevalence of Bartonella henselae antibodies in Chilean children, adolescents and veterinary workers

Background: Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat-scratch disease. Aim: To study the seroepidemiology of Bartonella henselae in healthy Chilean children and in a population with occupational risk. Material and methods: Serum IgG antibodies were determined by indirect fluorescence technique in 181 children and adolescents and in 107 technical and professional workers involved in the care of cats. Samples with titers equal to or greater than 64 were considered positive. Results: Twenty four (13.3%) children and 11 (10.3%) occupational risk subjects were seropositive. No significant differences by age and gender were observed. Conclusions: Assuming that seroprevalence indicates level of exposure to Bartonella henselae, these results suggest that this infection is endemic in Chile and, for this reason, the best antibody titer to diagnose acute cat-scratch disease should be higher than the figure recommended by the Centers for Disease Control in the in United States.

Diagnóstico antenatal de sífilis congénita por PCR en líquido amniótico y sus posibles aplicaciones / Prenatal diagnosis of congenital syphilis by PCR in amniotic liquid and its possible applications

Se presenta un caso clínico de sífilis congénita diagnosticada antenatalmente mediante el uso de la reacción de la polimerasa en cadena (PCR) en líquido amniótico. La PCR permitiría identificar la espiroqueta en diferentes medios, como en sangre, líquido amniótico y líquido céfalo-raquídeo. Deberán desarrollarse nuevos protocolos para poder probar la efectividad de los tratamientos en base a esta técnica diagnóstica.

Empiema pleural por Streptococcus grupo anginosus en un preescolar y revisión de la literatura / Streptococcus anginosus pleural emphyema in a child: case report and review

Presentamos el caso clínico de un preescolar con antecedente de malformación pulmonar que 43 días tras una neumonectomía izquierda, ingresó al Hospital Padre Hurtado con fiebre de una semana de evolución. En una TAC pulmonar se demostró una gran colección intrapleural izquierda de la que se aisló Streptococcus grupo anginosus y Prevotella spp. Se efectuó tratamiento antimicrobiano con penicilina más clindamicina. Existe gran confusión en la terminología y clasificación de Streptococcus grupo anginosus. En la actualidad no existe duda que es un grupo que posee tres especies, S. anginosus, S. constellatus y S. intermedius. Son parte de la flora normal de orofaringe, nasofaringe, tracto gastrointestinal y vagina. Este grupo ha sido reconocido como causa de infecciones supurativas en niños y adultos. La mayoría de las cepas se describen como susceptibles a penicilina; sin embargo, existen reportes que sugieren la emergencia de resistencia. Se discuten las recomendaciones actuales para el diagnóstico e informe microbiológicos.

Estudo farmacognóstico das raízes de Jacaranda decurrens Cham. (carobinha)

Este trabalho estabelece parâmetros farmacognósticos para as raízes de Jacaranda decurrens Cham., Bignoniaceae, conhecida na medicina popular como carobinha. Características morfológicas e histológicas, prospecção fitoquímica, teor de cinzas e de açúcares redutores são descritos. Encontrou-se presença de esteróides/triterpenos, açúcares redutores, amido, mucilagem e saponinas. O teor de cinzas totais foi de 2,21 por cento, e insolúveis em ácido de 0,63 por cento; a umidade, de 6,42 por cento e o teor de açúcares redutores foi de 2,77 por cento.

This work stablishes pharmacognostic parameters to Jacaranda decurrens Cham. roots, Bignoniaceae, known in the folk medicine as carobinha. Morphological and histological characteristics, phytochemical tests, ash and reducing sugars contents are descripted. The results showed steroids/triterpenes, sugars reducers, starch, mucilage and saponinas presence; the tenor of total ashes was of 2,21 percent, and insoluble in acid of 0,63 percent; the humidity of 6,42 percent and the tenor of sugars reducers was of 2,77 percent.

Diagnóstico prenatal en un caso de enfermedad materna y fetal por un parvovirus B19 / Prenatal diagnosis in a case of maternal and fetal disease by parvovirus B19

Una paciente embarazada de 22 semanas, portadora de Síndrome de Wolff Parkinson White asintomático, presenta un cuadro febril respiratorio severo, asociado a miocarditis, edema pulmonar, falla prerrenal, hipertensión arterial, proteinuria e hidrops fetal. La asociación de un cuadro respiratorio severo e hidrops fetal no inmune permitió sospechar infección por Parvovirus B19, lo que se confirmó con IgM específica y Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en sangre materna. Se realizó una cordocentesis que confirmó la presencia de parvovirus B19 por PCR en sangre fetal. Durante la hospitalización regresó el compromiso pulmonar, cardíaco y el síndrome hipertensivo. El hidrops fetal regresó espontáneamente. La paciente fue dada de alta y se interrumpió a las 38 semanas por cesárea electiva por presentación podálica. El seguimiento del recién nacido mostró la presencia de IgG anti Parvovirus B19 en títulos elevados.

Relacionamento entre homens e mulheres nas camadas de baixa renda: amor e violencia. / Relationship between man and woman in the low income level: love and violence

Este artigo analisa o fenomeno da violencia na sociedade homens e mulheres. Esta violencia especifica exige uma abordagem sociopolitica das consideracoes individuais correntes sobre o tema.Nao permitindo as mulheres alcancar o prestigio equivalente aos dos homens, a sociedade torna ambiguo o sentimento de amor entre eles.Essas ideias foram exemplificadas com analise critica da historia pessoal duma operaria migrante nordestina - Cicera - cujo drama foi divulgado pela imprensa e televisao em marco de 1980 no Rio de Janeiro.Foi recusada autorizacao legal para que sua filha de 13 anos de idade interrompesse uma gravidez decorrente de estupro por parte do padastro. O testemunho pessoal de Cicera Fernandes de Oliveira foi utilizado como ilustracao para estudo de caso