Molecular variations in Vibrio alginolyticus and V. harveyi in shrimp-farming systems upon stress

A study was performed to investigate the genomic variations in the shrimp farm isolates of Vibrio alginolyticus and V. harveyi when the isolates were subjected to environmental stress. Samples of shrimps, water and sediment were collected from Southern Indian coastal shrimp farms. Vibrio isolates were biochemically identified and confirmed using 16S rDNA and gyrB gene specific PCR. The bacterial strains were genotyped by PCR fingerprinting using GTG(5) and IS (Insertion Sequence) primers. Seven strains each of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi were subjected to 10 passages through trypticase soya broth (TSB), which contained different NaCl concentrations (3, 6 and 8%) and trypticase soya agar (TSA). V. alginolyticus was also passaged through TSB with a 12% NaCl concentration. PCR fingerprinting, which was performed on the strains that were passaged through different salt concentrations, confirmed that V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi could affect the genomic variations, depending on the environmental conditions of the culture. The study highlights the complex genotypic variations that occur in Vibrio strains of tropical aquatic environment because of varied environmental conditions, which result in genetic divergence and/or probable convergence. Such genetic divergence and/or convergence can lead to the organismal adaptive variation, which results in their ability to cause a productive infection in aquatic organisms or generation of new strains.

Determinants of Choice of Indigenous Climate Related Strategies by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana.

This study assessed the determinants of Choice of Indigenous Climate Related Strategies by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana using primary data obtained through community focus group discussions and household survey, and subjected to the Multinomial Logit regression model. The empirical results reveal that presence of a market, informal credit from friends and relatives, location of farmer, farmer-to-farmer extension, noticing of a decrease in rainfall and noticing an increase in temperature influence the choice of indigenous climate related strategies. There is therefore the need to improve smallholder farmers’ access to market, agricultural extension services and their awareness of changes in rainfall and temperature.

Assessment the nurses performance in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube in suez canaluniversity hospital

Nasogastric tube feeding is the introduction of liquid, via a tube inserted through the nose and running directly to the stomach. In general, tube feeding is a technique used for those who are unable to eat on their own. The aim of the present study is to assess nurses' performance in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube. The study was a descriptive research design was used to conduct this study; a total number of 50 nurse were selected randomly using systematic sampling technique. Data were collected over a period of four months, using two tools: Tool [1] Questionnaire sheets to assess nurses knowledge about care provided to patients undergoing nasogastric tube. Tool [2]: Observational checklist to assess the nurses practice in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube. The results of the present study revealed that unsatisfactory level of performance in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube among nurses in the sample. Age and experience was correlated with levels of nurse's knowledge. However, there were statistical significant differences between practice and gender, marital status and graduation. The study recommended that they had satisfactory theoretical knowledge and clinical applications nasogastric tube care and feeding parts should be taught together, to facilitate learning continuous evaluation of nurse's knowledge and performance is essential to identify nurse's needs

Influence of asymptomatic pneumonia on the response to hemorrhage and resuscitation in swine

INTRODUCTION: Investigation of resuscitation fluids in our swine hemorrhage model revealed moderate to severe chronic pneumonia in five swine at necropsy. Our veterinary staff suggested that we perform a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from these animals. We compared the data to that of ten healthy swine to determine the physiologic consequences of the added stress on our hemorrhage/resuscitation model. METHODS: Anesthetized, immature female swine (40 ± 5 kg) were instrumented for determining arterial and venous pressures, cardiac output and urine production. A controlled hemorrhage of 20 ml/kg over 4 min 40 sec was followed at 30 min by a second hemorrhage of 8 ml/kg and resuscitation with 1.5 ml/kg/min of LR solutions to achieve and maintain systolic blood pressure at 80 ± 5 mmHg for 3.5 hrs. Chemistries and arterial and venous blood gasses were determined from periodic blood samples along with hemodynamic variables. RESULTS: There were significant decreases in survival, urine output, cardiac output and oxygen delivery at 60 min and O2 consumption at 120 min in the pneumonia group compared to the non-pneumonia group. There were no differences in other metabolic or hemodynamic data between the groups. CONCLUSION: Although pneumonia had little influence on pulmonary gas exchange, it influenced cardiac output, urine output and survival compared to healthy swine, suggesting a decrease in the physiologic reserve. These data may be relevant to patients with subclinical infection who are stressed by hemorrhage and may explain in part why some similarly injured patients require more resuscitation efforts than others.

Investigaçöes epidemiológicas sobre demência nos países em desenvolvimento / Epidemiological research on dementia in developing countries

Na medida em que a populaçäo mundial está envelhecendo, a demência está se constituindo em importante problema de saúde pública, particularmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Investigaçöes epidemiológicas nestes países säo escassas e apresentam dificuldades metodológicas adicionais, principalmente no que se refere à adequaçäo sociocultural dos instrumentos utilizados para a definiçäo de casos. Tendo em vista estas preocupaçöes, foi fundado o "Grupo de Pesquisa em Demência 10/66", que é constituído por uma rede internacional de pesquisadores, predominantemente de países em desenvolvimento. O nome do grupo tem como referência o paradoxo de que menos de 10 por cento dos estudos populacionais sobre demência säo dirigidos aos 2/3 ou mais de casos de pessoas com demência que vivem em países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo do artigo é atualizar informaçöes da literatura sobre as diferenças de prevalência e incidência de demência encontradas em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento

SIDA de l'enfant dans le service de pédiatrie du CHU-Tokoin, Lomé (Togo): aspects cliniques et épidémiologiques

51 enfants souffrant de SIDA; hospitalises entre janvier 1991 et septembre 1992 dans le service de pediatrie du CHU-Tokoin (Lome); ont fait l'objet d'une analyse retrospective epidemiologique et clinique. Le sex-ratio a ete de 0;8 et l'age moyen de 25;64 mois (extremes: 2 mois et 15 ans). L'infection a HIV 1 s'est averee predominante (100 pour cent des cas). Sept enfants avaient un double profil serologique HIV1-HIV2. Diarrhee trainante; candidose oropharyngee; adenopathies; malnutrition proteino-energetique de type marasme et infections respiratoires (a germes banals et tuberculose pulmonaire) ont ete les dominantes pathologiques observees