Conscious prone positioning in nonintubated COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis / Pronação consciente em pacientes com COVID-19 não intubados e com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Objective: To systematically review the effect of the prone position on endotracheal intubation and mortality in nonintubated COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods: We registered the protocol (CRD42021286711) and searched for four databases and gray literature from inception to December 31, 2022. We included observational studies and clinical trials. There was no limit by date or the language of publication. We excluded case reports, case series, studies not available in full text, and those studies that included children < 18-years-old. Results: We included ten observational studies, eight clinical trials, 3,969 patients, 1,120 endotracheal intubation events, and 843 deaths. All of the studies had a low risk of bias (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Risk of Bias 2 tools). We found that the conscious prone position decreased the odds of endotracheal intubation by 44% (OR 0.56; 95%CI 0.40 - 0.78) and mortality by 43% (OR 0.57; 95%CI 0.39 - 0.84) in nonintubated COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. This protective effect on endotracheal intubation and mortality was more robust in those who spent > 8 hours/day in the conscious prone position (OR 0.43; 95%CI 0.26 - 0.72 and OR 0.38; 95%CI 0.24 - 0.60, respectively). The certainty of the evidence according to the GRADE criteria was moderate. Conclusion: The conscious prone position decreased the odds of endotracheal intubation and mortality, especially when patients spent over 8 hours/day in the conscious prone position and treatment in the intensive care unit. However, our results should be cautiously interpreted due to limitations in evaluating randomized clinical trials, nonrandomized clinical trials and observational studies. However, despite systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials, we must keep in mind that these studies remain heterogeneous from a clinical and methodological point of view.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente o efeito da posição prona na intubação endotraqueal e na mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 não intubados com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Métodos: Registramos o protocolo (CRD42021286711) e pesquisamos quatro bancos de dados e literatura cinzenta desde o início até 31 de dezembro de 2022. Incluímos estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos. Não houve limite de data ou idioma de publicação. Excluímos relatos de casos, séries de casos, estudos não disponíveis em texto completo e estudos que incluíram pacientes < 18 anos de idade. Resultados: Incluímos 10 estudos observacionais, 8 ensaios clínicos, 3.969 pacientes, 1.120 eventos de intubação endotraqueal e 843 mortes. Todos os estudos tinham baixo risco de viés (ferramentas Newcastle-Ottawa Scale e Risk of Bias 2). Observamos que a pronação consciente reduziu as chances de intubação endotraqueal em 44% (RC 0,56; IC95% 0,40 - 0,78) e a mortalidade em 43% (RC 0,57; IC95% 0,39 - 0,84) em pacientes com COVID-19 não intubados com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Esse efeito protetor sobre a intubação endotraqueal e a mortalidade foi mais robusto naqueles que passaram > 8 horas por dia na pronação consciente (RC 0,43; IC95% 0,26 - 0,72 e OR 0,38; IC95% 0,24 - 0,60, respectivamente). A certeza da evidência, de acordo com os critérios GRADE, foi moderada. Conclusão: A pronação consciente diminuiu as chances de intubação endotraqueal e mortalidade, especialmente quando os pacientes passaram > 8 horas por dia na pronação consciente e tratamento na unidade de terapia intensiva. Contudo, nossos resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela devido às limitações na avaliação de ensaios clínicos randomizados, ensaios clínicos não randomizados e estudos observacionais. Não obstante, apesar das revisões sistemáticas com metanálises de ensaios clínicos randomizados, devemos ter em mente que esses estudos permanecem heterogêneos do ponto de vista clínico e metodológico.

Factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y asistenciales asociados al impacto de la Covid-19 en la capacidad funcional respiratoria post alta hospitalaria / Sociodemographic, clinical and healthcare factors associated with the impact of Covid-19 on respiratory functional capacity after hospital discharge

La COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa que causa importantes disfunciones respiratorias con repercusión a largo plazo, perdurando después del alta médico. En este estudio, se determinó la asociación entre los factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y asistenciales con el impacto de la COVID-19 en la capacidad funcional respiratoria post alta hospitalaria. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal. La muestra conformada por 385 pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19. Se aplicó una ficha de recolección de datos, se estimó la capacidad funcional respiratoria. Se realizó un análisis bivariado mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado y razón de prevalencias considerando una significancia del 95% (p<0,05). Resultados: De los 385 pacientes, 228 (59,2%) se les percibió capacidad respiratoria normal y, disminuida en 157 (40,8%). Los adultos contemporáneos (55,84%) y masculinos (67,80%) fueron mayormente afectados. La comorbilidad (p= 0,292) y Co-Rads (p= 0,797) no mostraron estar directamente asociadas a la afectación respiratoria; contrario a RALE ≥ 3 en Radiografía de tórax (p=0,000). El tiempo en hospitalización, UCI y ventilación mecánica sugiere estar relacionado con la disminución respiratoria. Sin embargo, por RPc no hubo evidencia estadísticamente significativa. Pero, clínica severa 3.029 [1.611 ­ 5.696] p= 0.001 y RALE ≥3 4.079 [2.248 ­ 7.401] p= 0,000, arrojaron asociación. Conclusión: se identificaron como factores asociados el grado de severidad y RALE≥ 3 en radiografía de tórax. Se sugiere realizar estudios que confirme los hallazgos de esta investigación y se proponga un protocolo de rehabilitación integral dirigido a pacientes post covid-19 que les permita recuperar la normalidad en la capacidad funcional respiratoria(AU)

COVID-19 is an infectious disease that causes significant respiratory dysfunctions with long-term repercussions, lasting after medical discharge. In this study, association between socio-demographic, clinical and healthcare factors with the impact of COVID-19 on post-discharge respiratory functional capacity was determinated. Material and methods: observational study, analytical, cross-sectional study. The sample made up of 385 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. A data collection form was applied; the respiratory functional capacity was estimated. A bivariate analysis was performed using the fe chi square test and prevalence ratio, considering a significance of 95% (p<0.05). Results: of the 385 patients, 228 (59.2%) had normal respiratory capacity, and decreased in 157 (40.8%). Contemporary adults (55.84%) and males (67.80%) were mostly affected. Comorbidity (p= 0,292) and Co-Rads (p= 0,797) were not shown to be directly associated with respiratory involvement; contrary to RALE ≥ 3 in chest X-ray (p=0,000). The time in hospitalization, ICU and mechanical ventilation suggests to be related to the respiratory decrease. However, by PCR there was no statically significant evidence. But, clinical severe 3,029 [1,611 ­ 5,696] p= 0.001 and RALE ≥3 4,079 [2,248 ­ 7,401] p= 0,000, showed association. Conclusion: the degree of severity and RALE ≥ 3 in chest X-ray were identified as associated factors. It is suggest to carry out studies that confirm the findings of this research and propose a comprehensive rehabilitation protocol aimed at post-covid-19 patients that allows them to recover normal respiratory functional capacity(AU)

Escala News2 y Quick COVID-19 Severity Index: Predictores de mortalidad en adultos con infección por SARS­CoV­2 / News2 scale and Quick COVID-19 Severity Index: Predictors of mortality in adults with SARS­CoV­2 infection

La alta morbi-mortalidad asociada con COVID-19, se ha desarrollado herramientas de estratificación de riesgo clínico para estos pacientes, con el fin de predecir la progresión a enfermedad grave y/o mortalidad. En este estudio se comparó la Escala Quick COVID19 Severity Index con News2 como predictor de mortalidad en adultos con infección por SARS ­ CoV-2, precisando su validez diagnóstica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, de pruebas diagnósticas. Se incluyeron a 255 pacientes, mayores de 18 años, hospitalizados en el Hospital II ­ I Moyobamba con diagnóstico de COVID-19, con requerimiento de oxígeno ≤6 Lt/min, en el periodo de enero a diciembre del 2020. Resultados: 13% (32/255) de los pacientes fallecieron, con predominio del sexo masculino 62,5% (20/32), con edad promedio de 50 años, los parámetros bioclínico valorados no demostraron asociación estadísticamente significativa, a excepción de la glucemia p: 0.01. En cuanto a las escalas, considerándose como puntaje alto ≥ 7 puntos; Quick Covid-19 Severity Index no tiene asociación significativa como predictor de mortalidad, con una sensibilidad y especificidad de 43,75% y 63,23% respectivamente; mientras que NEWS-2 arrojo sensibilidad de 87,50%; especificidad de 50,67%; AUC 0,768 (IC: 0,684-0,853; p 0,00); es decir existe más del 75% de probabilidad de pronóstico. Conclusión: la escala NEWS-2estadisticamente mostró ser una buena herramienta para el pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes con infección con SARS ­ CoV ­ 2, se sugiere realizar estudios que confirme los hallazgos de esta investigación y valorar su aplicabilidad y reproducibilidad en otras poblaciones(AU)

Due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19, clinical risk stratification tools have been developed for these patients, in order to predict progression to severe disease and/or mortality. In this study, the Quick COVID19 Severity Index Scale was compared with News2 as a predictor of mortality in adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection, specifying its diagnostic validity. Materials and methods: Observational, retrospective, analytical study of diagnostic tests. 255 patients were included, over 18 years of age, hospitalized in Hospital II - I Moyobamba with a diagnosis of COVID-19, with an oxygen requirement of ≤6 Lt/min, from January to December 2020. Results: 13% (32/255) of the patients died, with a predominance of males 62.5% (20/32), with an average age of 50 years, the bioclinical parameters evaluated did not show a statistically significant association, except for the blood glucose p: 0.01. Regarding the scales, considering a high score ≥ 7 points; Quick Covid-19 Severity Index has no significant association as a predictor of mortality, with a sensitivity and specificity of 43.75% and 63.23%, respectively; while NEWS-2 showed sensitivity of 87.50%; specificity of 50.67%; AUC 0.768 (CI: 0.684-0.853, p 0.00); that is, there is more than 75% probability of prognosis. Conclusion: the NEWS-2 scale statistically showed to be a good tool for the prognosis of mortality in patients infected with SARS - CoV - 2, it is suggested to carry out studies that confirm the findings of this research and assess its applicability and reproducibility in other populations(AU)

Saturación de oxígeno versus índice de oxigenación: predictores de mortalidad en pacientes críticos con síndrome distrés respiratorio agudo por COVID-19 / Oxygen saturation versus oxygenation index: predictors of mortality in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19

El COVID-19 es la causa más frecuente de SDRA generando cuadros clínicos leves, moderados y graves, en esta última, los pacientes podrían evolucionar a la necesidad de intubación orotraqueal y soporte ventilatorio avanzado; reportándose mortalidad de 26-90%, en estos casos. Es por ello, la necesidad de identificar factores de riesgos y herramientas predictores de mortalidad. En este estudio se determinó la validez diagnóstica de los índices de saturación de oxígeno y oxigenación como predictores de pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA severo por COVID-19 que requirieron de ventilación mecánica invasiva. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, analítico y retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 176 historias clínicas de pacientes críticos. Se realizó análisis bivariado, y multivariado, además de determinar especificidad, sensibilidad, VPP, VPN y AUC. Resultados: 57,37% (101/176) de los pacientes fallecieron, con predominio del sexo masculino 79% (80/101); con edad promedio de 56 años. El lactato (p=0,115), no mostró asociación estadísticamente significativa. Contrariamente, en el análisis multivariado, el sexo masculino (p=0.04), glicemia (p=0,02) y, OI (p=0.00), arrojaron asociación. En cuanto a los índices, OSI registró sensibilidad y especificidad de 33% y 96% respectivamente; mientras que, IO tuvo 33,6% de sensibilidad y, 97,33% de especificidad; AUC 0,773 (IC: 0,677-0,868); es decir más del 77,3% de probabilidad de pronóstico a mortalidad. Conclusión: OSI y OI son adecuados predictores de mortalidad, teniendo OI mejor validez diagnóstico. Además, se ratifica, al sexo masculino y, aumento de valores glicémicos, como factores asociados a riesgo de desarrollar cuadros graves por COVID-19(AU)

COVID-19 is the most frequent cause of ARDS, generating mild, moderate and severe clinical symptoms, in the latter, patients could evolve to the need for orotracheal intubation and advanced ventilatory support; reporting mortality of 26-90% in these cases. This is why there is a need to identify risk factors and predictive tools for mortality. In this study, the diagnostic validity of the oxygen saturation and oxygenation indices as predictors of mortality prognosis in patients with severe ARDS due to COVID-19 who required invasive mechanical ventilation was determined. Material and methods: cross-sectional, analytical and retrospective study. The sample consisted of 176 medical records of critically ill patients. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed, in addition to determining specificity, sensitivity, PPV, NPV, and AUC. Results: 57.37% (101/176) of the patients died, with a predominance of males 79% (80/101); with an average age of 56 years. Lactate (p=0.115) did not show a statistically significant association. Results: 57.37% (101/176) of the patients died, with a predominance of males 79% (80/101); with an average age of 56 years. Lactate (p=0.115) did not show a statistically significant association. Regarding the indices, OSI registered sensitivity and specificity of 33% and 96%, respectively; while IO had 33.6% sensitivity and 97.33% specificity; AUC 0.773 (CI: 0.677-0.868); that is, more than 77.3% probability of prognosis for mortality. Conclusion: OSI and OI are adequate predictors of mortality, with OI having better diagnostic validity. In addition, the male sex and increased glycemic values are confirmed as factors associated with the risk of developing serious conditions due to COVID-19(AU)

Mortalidad en pacientes críticos con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por Covid-19 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital público del norte de Perú / Mortality in critical patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome by Covid-19 in the intensive care unit of a public hospital in northern Peru

La enfermedad COVID-19 tiene como complicación el de Síndrome Agudo Respiratorio Severo (SDRA), que es considerada la principal causa de mortalidad dentro de las unidades de cuidados intensivos, a pesar de brindar soporte ventilatorio precoz y óptimo. Sin embargo, es necesario identificar los factores que se asocian a mortalidad en estos pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes críticos con Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo severo por COVID-19 en unidad de cuidados intensivos. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se usó una base de datos obtenida de 176 historias clínicas de los pacientes con distrés respiratorio agudo severo por COVID-19 en un hospital público de Trujillo desde marzo 2020 a junio 2021. Se dividieron un grupo de pacientes que sobreviven y otro grupo de los que fallecen, subdividiéndose según presentaron o no factores de mortalidad asociados. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y con los factores que resultaron estadísticamente significativos se realizó un análisis multivariado para determinar variables asociadas a mortalidad. Resultados: Se halló una mortalidad de 57% del total de pacientes, al realizar el análisis multivariado se encontró asociación estadística significativa en la presencia de comorbilidades medidas con el Índice de Charlson (RPa=1,348; IC 95%: 1,01-1,79; p=0,040) y dentro de los parámetros ventilatorios a la presión pico (RPa=1,261 IC; 95%: 1,13-1,40; p<=0,000). Es necesario identificar aquellas variables de riesgo de mortalidad para estratificar a pacientes y optimizar la terapéutica(AU)

The COVID-19 disease is complicated by severe acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), which is considered the main cause of mortality within intensive care units, despite providing early and optimal ventilatory support. However, it is necessary to identify the factors associated with mortality in these patients. Objective: To determine the factors associated with mortality in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in the intensive care unit. Material and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. A database obtained from 176 medical records of patients with severe acute respiratory distress due to COVID-19 was used in a public hospital in Trujillo from March 2020 to June 2021. A group of patients who survived and another group of those who died were divided, being subdivided according to whether or not they present associated mortality factors. A bivariate analysis was performed and with the factors that were statistically significant, a multivariate analysis was performed to determine variables associated with mortality. Results: A mortality of 57% of the total number of patients was found, when performing the multivariate analysis, a significant statistical association was found in the presence of comorbidities measured with the Charlson Index (RPa = 1.348; 95% CI: 1.01-1.79; p = 0.040) and within the ventilatory parameters at peak pressure (RPa = 1.261 CI; 95%: 1.13-1.40; p <= 0.000). It is necessary to identify those mortality risk variables to stratify patients and optimize therapy(AU)

Riesgo de progresión de COVID-19 severo mediante la escala call en un hospital público del norte de Perú / Risk of progression of severe COVID-19 through call scale in a public hospital in northern Peru

Establecer la validez diagnóstica de la escala CALL como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 severo en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo desde abril del 2020 hasta julio del 2021. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico, retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron a 177 pacientes con COVID-19 severo internados en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo, según criterios de selección, se calculó la escala CALL para cada uno y se asoció con la mortalidad encontrada; aplicándose la prueba estadística chi cuadrado; posteriormente se realizó un análisis de regresión multivariante para identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad. A su vez se utilizó el AUROC (área bajo la curva ROC) para establecer el rendimiento predictivo de la escala CALL. Resultados: De una muestra de 177 pacientes, al analizar la información mediante la curva ROC, se obtuvo un valor de corte 6 puntos para la escala CALL, con un área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0.612 (p=0,014); sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de 86%, 29%, 60% y 62% respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas estadísticamente en cuanto a sexo, edad, shock séptico, SOFA, índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, necesidad de TRR ni compliance estática. En cambio, se evidenció asociación con la PaO2/FiO2(AU)

To establish the diagnostic validity of the CALL score as a predictor of mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit of the Trujillo Regional Teaching Hospital from April 2020 to July 2021.Material and methods: An analytical, retrospective study was carried out, in which 177 patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Regional Teaching Hospital of Trujillo were included, according to selection criteria, the CALL score was calculated for each one and was associated with the mortality found; applying the statistical chi 2 test; Subsequently, a multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with mortality. In turn, the AUROC (area under the ROC curve) was used to establish the predictive performance of the CALL score. Results: From a sample of 177 patients, when analyzing the information using the ROC curve, a cut-off value of 6 points was obtained for the CALL score, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.612 (p=0.014); sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of 86%, 29%, 60% and 62% respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of sex, age, septic shock, SOFA, Charlson comorbidity index, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) or static compliance. On the other hand, an association with PaO2 / FiO2 was evidenced(AU)

Poder mecánico como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes críticos con síndrome de distrés respiratorias agudo por Covid-19 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Mechanical power as a predictor of mortality in critical ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome by Covid-19 in the intensive care unit

La ventilación mecánica invasiva como estrategia terapéutica no está exenta de complicaciones. Es imperativo tener parámetros de ventilación protectiva en aquellos pacientes que están sometidos a ello. Se pretende demostrar si la potencia mecánica como parámetro ventilatorio tiene validez pronóstica de mortalidad en pacientes críticos con ventilación mecánica invasiva prolongada. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de pacientes críticos en ventilación mecánica invasiva prolongada debido a Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo por COVID-19 que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo durante el periodo de marzo 2020 a marzo del 2021. Resultados: La potencia mecánica, como parámetro ventilatorio, se asocia a mortalidad (RPa 1.061; IC 95% 1.037-1.085; p=0.00) al igual que la presión plateau y siendo la driving pressure y compliance estática factores protectores para mortalidad. La potencia mecánica como parámetro ventilatorio tiene validez pronóstica para mortalidad severa por COVID-19(AU)

Invasive mechanical ventilation as a therapeutic strategy is not without complications. It is imperative to have protective ventilation parameters in those patients who are subjected to it. We aim to demonstrate whether mechanical power as a ventilatory parameter has prognostic validity for mortality in critically ill patients with prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out of critically ill patients on prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation due to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to COVID-19 who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Regional de Trujillo during the March 2020 to March 2021 period. Results: Mechanical power, as a ventilatory parameter, is associated with mortality (RPa 1.061; 95% CI 1.037-1.085; p = 0.00) as well as plateau pressure, and driving pressure and static compliance are protective factors for mortality. Mechanical power as a ventilatory parameter has prognostic validity for mortality in critically ill patients with invasive mechanical ventilation due to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19(AU)