Résumé
Las verbalizaciones que brindan los niños permiten que los adultos conozcamos sus aprendizajes y pensamientos. En esta investigación confluyen dos líneas de investigación: una centrada en el impacto de los libros de imágenes en el aprendizaje de conceptos y otra referida a las justificaciones en la infancia. Se presentan dos estudios cuasi-experimentales con diseño de preprueba y posprueba. En el marco de la lectura conjunta de un libro de imágenes se presentó a niños de 3 y 4 años de edad el concepto de camuflaje, con y sin la instrucción del adulto. Primero se analizaron las justificaciones que brindaron los niños para fundamentar sus respuestas, tanto antes como después de la lectura y luego, las categorías conceptuales a las que apelaron. Se observó que con instrucción los niños de 4 años, pero no los de 3, aprendieron el concepto, recurrieron al él para sustentar sus respuestas y complejizaron sus justificaciones con respecto a las que brindaron antes de la lectura. Por otro lado, los niños de 4 años que no recibieron instrucción, no aprendieron el concepto, ni apelaron a él para sustentar sus respuestas; además, no modificaron las justificaciones brindadas después de la lectura. Los resultados aportan sustento empírico respecto al entrelazamiento entre instrucción, aprendizaje de conceptos y justificaciones en la infancia.
Children's verbalizations provide a glimpse into their thoughts and learning processes. This research arises in the intersection of two fields: the impact of picture-books in conceptual and justification learning. Dialogic picture-book reading is a widespread practice between children and adults. The main goal of this research was to analyze the verbalizations children gave before and after the exposition to the concept of camouflage using a picture-book. We designed two studies using a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test approach. In Study 1 we compared two age group-children: 3- and 4-years-olds. Both groups were exposed to the concept of camouflage guided by the instruction of an adult using a picture-book. We considered camouflage as the ability of some animals to blend with the environment to avoid being seen by predators. By instruction, we meant the information given by the adult using examples of animals. The animals were shown in camouflaged and non-camouflaged settings and the adult explained which prey the predator could not eat based on the color of the animal and the background. The picture-book used was specially constructed for this research. It consisted of 10 pages; the first two showed a photograph of a predator (an eagle). The next eight pages showed four different preys depicted in camouflaged and no-camoulaged settings. In the pre-test and the post-test children were asked to choose which prey the depredator will not eat. Children also had to support their answers by explaining why the bird will not eat the chosen prey. We analyzed children's answers and the explanation that they gave before and after the exposition to the concept of camouflage with the picture-book. Additionally, we analyzed the justifications and the conceptual categories that children used to support their choices. The justifications were inspired in Migdalek's work (e.g. Migdalek, Rosemberg & Santibáñez, 2014). The conceptual categories were created inductively from the transcription of children's verbalizations. We found that the 4-years-olds learned the concept and support their choices appealing to the camouflage category; also, they provided complex justifications. As far as 3-years-olds, even though they received the same instruction, they did not learn the concept, neither improved their justifications. Given these results, we concluded that the observed differences in the performance are due to the children's age, since the instruction provided was the same for the two age groups. To specifically explore the impact of the instruction we designed a Study 2 in which we compared children's answers and their verbalizations in two groups of 4-year-old children. Four-years-old were exposed to the same picture-book with and without instruction. The procedure followed was the one described in Study 1. In the condition with out instruction, the experimenter presented the children the picture-book indicating which prey the depredator would not eat, but without explaining the reasons. We found out that the children that did not receive any instruction did not learn the conceptor used it to support their choices. Besides, this group did not improve their justifications. In contrast, the children that received instruction learned the concept and supported their choices using the camouflage category; in addition, they provided complex justifications. Overall, the results presented provided empirical data to highlight the close relationship between instruction, conceptual learning and justifying in children.
Résumé
Un tema central en la psicología contemporánea consiste en conocer cómo los sujetos desarrollamos nuevas estructuras cognitivas y cómo las modificamos. El presente artículo se propone abordar nexos entre nociones provenientes del campo del cambio conceptual y algunos aspectos de las teorías de Piaget y Vygotsky. A tal fin, se discuten las nociones de teoría implícita y concepto científico desde las teorías del cambio conceptual, así como las nociones de error y pseudoconcepto desde las teorías de Piaget y Vygotsky. Primero se realiza un recorrido por autores representativos del cambio conceptual con la finalidad de comprender el lugar que otorgan a las nociones de teoría implícita y concepto científico. Luego, se consideran algunos aspectos de las teorías de Piaget y Vygotsky reflexionando sobre el lugar que en ellas ocupan los conceptos de error y pseudoconcepto. Finalmente, se analizan y discuten puntos de encuentro entre teorías del cambio conceptual de Piaget y Vygotsky.
A central issue in contemporary psychology consists in understanding how we develop new cognitive structures and how we modify them. This article aims to address the links between the notions from conceptual change and some aspects from the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. For that purpose, the notions of implicit theory and scientific concept were analyzed from the theory of conceptual change, and the notions of error and pseudo- concept from the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. First, we examined the work of representative authors of conceptual change to understand the place granted to the notions of implicit theory and scientific concept. Then, some aspects from the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky were considered to reflect on the place that the notions of error and pseudo-concept have in those theories. Finally, we analyzed and discussed the similarities between the theories of conceptual change, Piaget and Vygotsky