Ethological analysis of mother-pup interactions and other behavioral reactions in rats: effects of malnutrition and tactile stimulation of the pups

Mother-pup interaction, as well as other behavioral reactions were studied during the lactation period in 24 litters of Wistar rats and their dams fed either a 16 percent (control - C; 12 litters) or a 6 percent (malnourished - M; 12 litters) protein diet. The diets were isocaloric. Throughout lactation there was a 36.4 percent weight loss of M dams and a 63 percent body weight deficit in the M pups when compared to control pups. During this period, half of the litters were exposed daily to additional tactile stimulation (CS or MS), while the other half were submitted to normal rearing conditions (CN or MN). The tactile stimulation of pups (handling) consisted of holding the animal in one hand and gently touching the dorsal part of the animal's body with the fingers for 3 min. A special camera and a time-lapse video were used to record litter behavior in their home cages. Starting at 6 p.m. and ending at 6 a.m., on days 3, 6, 12, 15, 18 and 21 of lactation, photos were taken at 4-s intervals. An increase in the frequency (154.88 + or - 16.19) and duration (455.86 + or - 18.05 min) of suckling was observed throughout the lactation period in all groups compared to birth day (frequency 24.88 + or - 2.37 and duration 376.76 + or - 21.01 min), but the frequency was higher in the C (84.96 +- 8.52) than in the M group (43.13 + or - 4.37); however, the M group (470.2 + or - 11.87 min) spent more time suckling as compared with the C group (393.67 + or - 13.09 min). The M dams showed a decreased frequency of resting position throughout the lactation period (6.5 + or- 2.48) compared to birth day (25.42 + or - 7.74). Pups from the C group were more frequently observed separated (73.02 + or - 4.38) and interacting (258.99 + or - 20.61) more with their mothers than the M pups (separated 66.94 + or - 5.5 and interacting 165.72 + or - 12.05). Tactile stimulation did not interact with diet condition, showing that the kind of stimulation used in the present study did not lead to recovery from the changes induced by protein malnutrition. The changes in mother-pup interaction produced by protein malnutrition of both may represent retardation in neuromotor development and a higher dependence of the pups on their mothers. These changes may represent an important means of energy saving and heat maintenance in malnourished pups

Protein-energy malnutrition increases teratogenicity of hypervitaminosis A in rats

The present study was designed to investigate the embryofetotoxicity of vitamin A in protein-energy malnourished animals. Retinyl palmitate (66, 99 and 132 mg/kg) suspendend in corn oil was given by gavage to well-nourished and malnourished rats from gestational days 8 to 10 and cesarean sections were performed on day 20. All fetuses were weighed and examined for malformations before being prepared for skeletal evaluation. The proportion of malformed fetuses was higher in the malnourished group at each one of the three dose levels. The data indicate that malnourished animals are more susceptible to the toxic effects of retinyl esters