Optimization of process variables for enhanced lactic acid production utilizing paneer whey as substrate in submerged fermentation process

In the present study lactic acid production was enhanced by optimizing the three process variables viz; inoculum size, temperature and pH using three factor five level CCRD [central composite rotatable design] by Lactobacillus delbruckii under SMF [submerged fermentation process]. Paneer [dairy byproduct] whey was used as sole substrate for lactic acid production. Design Expert 8.0.2.0 software depicted that an optimum concentration of 8% [v/v] size of inoculum, 5.50 pH and 36.53°C temperature gave lactic acid and biomass yield of 5.61 g/L[-1] and 4.27 g/L[-1], respectively. Lactic acid production was scale up in 7.5 L bioreactor under optimized conditions and it gave lactic acid and biomass yield of 39.2 +/- 1.4 and 47.6 +/- 0.8 g/L[-1], respectively. micro[g], Y[P/S], Y[P/X] and productivity were found to be 0.14 h[-1], 0.66 g/g, 0.7 g/g and 1.98 g/L[-1] h, respectively. Leudking Piret equation deduced that lactic acid production was growth associated which varies from earlier reports. Lactic acid was characterized by FTIR [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy] and HPLC

Histomorphometric profile of the human vermiform appendix

The mucosal, luminal and lymphoid follicle diameters of the vermiform appendix were measured in micrometers from the basal, middle and terminal segments and their relationships analyzed and plotted. There is a strong relationship between these diameters, especially between lymphoid follicle diameter and the thickness on one hand and that between the luminal diameter and the lymphoid follicle diameter on the other. The lumen decreases when either the thickness or the lymphoid follicle diameter increases in size, suggesting that obstruction can occur at such sites with the resulting microscopic and macroscopic changes that come to bear on normal subjects. This segmental profile shows that, histomorphological and histomorphometric changes in the appendix are capable of explaining the basis and indeed the likely sites of obstruction in appendicitis

Interaction between alkaline earth metal ions and ovalbumin

The significant roles of alkaline earth metal ions in biological and biochemical processes have been reviewed. The interactions of these metal ions with proteins and other biopolymers have been extensively investigated by several workers. Recently, Arora and coworkers have reported the binding of calcium and barium by transfusion gelatin employing pH-metric and equilibrium dialysis methods. Literature survey indicate that the interaction of these metal ions by ovalbumin have not as yet been adequately studied. In the present paper, the data obtained from equilibrium dialysis and pH-measurements for the interaction of alkaline earth metal ions with ovalbumin are reported