Dental caries; frequency and determinants among patients attending dental out patient department in Bahawalpur Victoria hospital Bahawalpur

To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental carries among patients attending dental OPD. Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August till November, 2010. Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligible respondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data was carried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,[brushing at night, daily brushing, sugar rich food]. The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Among study population [52%] were male and [53%] were urban dwellers.. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients and DMFT Score increased with increase in age. Commonly associated habits [with carries] included lack of daily brushing of teeth [P<.01], lack of brushing at night [p<.001], and daily intake of sweets [p<.005]. Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. There was significant relationship with oral Hygiene, Sugar rich food and dental caries

Dental caries; frequency and determinants among patients attending dental out patient department in Bahawal Victoria hospital Bahawalpur

To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental caries among patients attending dental OPD. Descriptive Cross sectional study. Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August till November, 2010. Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligible respondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data was carried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,[brushing at night, daily brushing, sugary food intake] define the variables. The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Among study population [52%] were male and [53%] were urban dwellers. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients and DMFT Score increased with increase in age. Commonly associated habits [with carries] included lack of daily brushing of teeth [P<.01], lack of brushing at night [p<.001], and daily intake of sweets [p<.005]. Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. Significant relationship of Dental Caries was found with oral hygiene and surgery foods

Comparison of recurrence rate of Pterygium, Conjunctival autograft versus Mitomycin-C adjuvant in pterygium surgery

Mitomycin-c [MMC] and Conjunctival autograft [CAG] are two well known adjuvants used during pterygium excision to decrease the risk of pterygium recurrence. This study was conducted to compare the recurrence rate of pterygium following intraoperative use of mitomycin-c and Conjunctivalautograft. This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Eye Unit-l, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, from March 2010 to August 2010. One hundred and thirty patients participated in the study. They were randomized into two groups, one receiving intraoperative Mitomycin-c [n=65] and the other group underwent Conjunctivalautograft application [n=65]. Patients were followed monthly for six months, to see any signs of recurrence. Frequency of recurrences in two groups was calculated and compared by using Chi-square test. Results were considered significant at a p-value < 0.05. There were ten recurrences in Mitomycin-c group [15.3%] and only two recurrences in Conjunctivalautograft group [3%] over a six months follow up period. There was a statistically significant difference in the recurrence rate between the two groups [p < 0.05].This implies that the Conjunctivalautograft has a better outcome in terms of its success rate as compared to the Mitomycin-c adjuvant. In patients having visually significant pterygium, pterygium surgery with conjunctivalautograft application has a lower recurrence rate as compared to the Mitomycin-c adjuvant

Effects of pterygium excision on corneal curvatures

To determine the difference in mean corneal curvatures before and after pterygium excision, by using automated refraction and keratometry. This quasi-experimental study was conducted at Eye Unit-1, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, from March 2010 to August 2010. Thirty patients with primary pterygium were analyzed before and after pterygium surgery for corneal curvature changes. Automated refraction and Automated keratometry were used to calculate the cylindrical error and the corneal surface power respectively. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for the corneal curvatures and the refractive cylinder before and after the operation. Paired sample t-test was used to compare the corneal curvatures and refractive cylinder before and after pterygium excision. P-value<0.05 was considered significant. The preoperative cylindrical error decreased from 4.32+ 1.88 D to 2.11 +1.96D postoperatively. Similarly, before surgery, the keratometry readings were 43.71 + 1.12 D in horizontal meridian and 44.94+ 1.41 D in vertical meridian. One week after the pterygium surgery these values were 44.45+0.85 D in horizontal meridian and 45.23 + 0.78 D in vertical meridian. Pterygium excision brings a statistically significant change in corneal curvatures which leads to a decrease in cylindrical correction needed. This causes an improvement in subjective visual acuity in patients who have undergone pterygium surgery

Malnutrition; determinants in children between six months to five years of age in Bahawalpur

To find-out the determinants of malnutrition in children between six months to five years age in Bahawalpur. This was an observational descriptive cross - sectional study. At Paediatric Medicine out - patient department in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. From Feb. 2005 to March 2007. Eleven hundred children with malnutrition having ages six months to five years. Main outcome measures. Determinants of malnutrition in children under - 5 in Bahawalpur. This study consists of 1100 sick children between the ages six months to five years brought by their parents [mother] to the Pediatric Medicine out-patient department in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Only the children with malnutrition [undernutrition] were included in the study population. Mothers of these children were interviewed and clinical examination of each child was carried-out to find-out the causes of malnutrition in them. According to Gome's classification, 39.45% of them had first degree malnutrition, 37.10%, second degree and 23.45%, third degree malnutrition. The major causes of malnutrition found in our study population included: Illiteracy; food-fads; poverty; lack of breast-feeding; improper weaning; diarrhea and respiratory diseases. All these factors were statistically significant

Chloroquine resistant malaria in neonates

To analyze the clinical presentation, treatment given, and outcome of patients suffering from congenital and acquired malaria in neonatal period. Analytical study. Paediatrics Ward-2, QAMC/BVH, Bahawalpur for 02 years from October 2001 to October 2003. The study included 45 cases of neonatal malaria. Thirty cases of malaria, admitted during first ten days of life, diagnosed as congenital malaria, were kept in group A, while 15 cases admitted in the ward from the age of 11 to 28 days, labeled as acquired malaria, were named group B. The clinical features at the time of presentation were noted in each group from the charts having positive malarial parasite [M.P.] on thick and thin slides. The diagnosed cases were treated with the standard dose of chloroquine sulphate. Those patients who improved clinically as well as revealed no parasite on follow-up were labeled as chloroquine sensitive. On the other hand, patients showing poor clinical response with persistence of the parasites in the blood or initially disappearing but later again having a clinical disease with positive M.P. on follow-up, were labeled as chloroquine resistant. They were treated with quinine sulphate. Outcome was compared in both the groups regarding the pattern of chloroquine resistance and death/ survival. Data was collected on which Fischer's exact test of significance was performed to know the level of significance. P-value of < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Low birth weight, severe hemolytic anemia with history of fever in the mother were main features in group A while in group B fever, anaemia and history of blood transfusion were marked features. In group A 76.66% were caused by Plasmodium [P.] falciparum. While in group B 60% were caused by Plasmodium vivax. In group A 26.66% were chloroquine resistant while 33.65% were chloroquine resistant in group B. The mortality was 16.66% in group A and 13.33% in group B. Intrauterine growth retardation, hemolytic jaundice and history of fever in the mother in the last trimester of pregnancy in the congenital while fever, history of blood transfusion in the neonates in acquired malaria but pallor in both the groups, were important clinical features. Pattern of chloroquine resistance and mortality in both the groups was not statistically different

Patterns of breast feeding in children under two years of age in Bahawalpur

To find the patterns of breast feeding in children under two years of age in Bahawalpur. Design: An observational descriptive cross-sectional [prevalence] study. Two thousand five hundred mothers having children below two years of age attending Paediatric outpatient department in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Main outcome measures: Prevalence of breast feeding in children below two years of age in Bahawalpur. Two thousand five hundred mothers were interviewed to find out patterns of feeding their children under two years of age. Colostrum was offered to 19.4% of newborns as first feed; 24.8% of mothers started breast feeding on the very first day while 4.2% did not breast feed at all. Majority of the women started breast feeding because of the family traditions. Eighty five percent of mothers continued breast feeding upto one year, 10% withdrew breast feeding before one year and 35% continued breast feeding their babies beyond infancy. Exclusive breast feeding prevalence was 30% with 25% at the age of b months. Five percent of mothers continued exclusive breast feeding' their children upto 1-2 years. Breast feeding prevalence was low in educated, urban and high socioeconomic class women. Prevalence of breast feeding is significantly high in women belonging to rural set up and among uneducated and low socioeconomic group women in Bahawalpur

Prevalence of hepatitis-B carriers among children in Bahawalpur urban slums

To find out the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B carriers among children in Bahawalpur urban slums. An observational descriptive cross-sectional study of 550 children between 6 months to 15 years age in Paediatric Unit-ll [DTU] of B.V. Hospital over a period of four months [Mid Sept. 1 999 to Mid Jan. 2000] Bahawalpur urban slums and Paediatric Unit-ll [DTU] of B.V. Hospital Bahawalpur. Five hundred fifty children admitted to Paediatric Unit-ll [DTU] and those in Bahowalpur urban slums. Main outcome measures: Seroprevalence of Hepatitis "B" carriers. Mean age of children in our study was 7.5 years. Males were 54%. The number of children detected as carriers of Hepatitis-B was 1 6 [2.9%]. None of the carriers of HB infection, had ever received vaccination against HB infection. Out of 16 carriers 7 cases had successfully completed their EPI schedule, 4 received incomplete vaccination while 5 carriers did not receive any EPI schedule vaccination. Just one seropositive case gave past history of jaundice in his early neonatal period for which he got exchange transfusion. None of the carriers got tattooing nor shared piercing of nose or ears by a common [contaminated] needle nor any history of bath in a swimming pool. There were no signs suggestive of chronic liver disease in any carrier. Overall seroprevalence of Hepatitis-B carriers in Bahawalpur is 2.9%. There is a large cohort of seronegative children. They need to be protected against HBV infection through active immunization