Infarto agudo de miocardio sin enfermedad coronaria ateroesclerótica obstructiva: utilidad de las imágenes intravasculares y resonancia cardíaca en su diagnóstico / Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Diagnostic value of intravascular imaging and cardiac resonance

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) is common. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and intravascular imaging (IVI) may be useful for establishing its etiology. AIM: To describe a population with MINOCA and its multi-image assessment using IVI or CMR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records, imaging and functional studies of patients with MINOCA treated in three different clinical centers between 2015 and 2019. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients with MINOCA and IVI were included. Seventy eight percent were women, 46% had hypertension, 32% smoked and 32% had dyslipidemia. At wall motion assessment, 46% presented apical ballooning pattern. In 36% of patients IVI identified lesions that explained the cause of MINOCA, namely plaque disruption (PD) in 18%, spontaneous coronary dissection in 11% and a thrombus without PD in 7%. Forty-six percent of patients had uncomplicated atherosclerotic plaques, and 36% had no pathological findings. CMR was performed in 50% of patients, identifying in all a diagnostic pattern. In nine cases it was compatible with stress cardiomyopathy, three cases had a myocarditis and two cases had transmural infarctions. PD and transmural late gadolinium enhancement were observed in 23% of patients with apical ballooning. Patients with a pattern of myocarditis did not have acute pathological findings at IVI. After a mean follow-up of 16.4±11.4 months, 3 patients with PD died. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with MINOCA, there was a predominance of female gender with low cardiovascular risk factor load. The multi-image assessment allowed greater precision for etiological diagnosis of MINOCA. Apical ballooning was not pathognomonic for stress cardiomyopathy. PD was associated with mortality.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento del tromboembolismo pulmonar / Diagnostic and management of acute pulmonary thromboembolism

La enfermedad venosa tromboembólica es una patología de alta morbimortalidad que se presenta en un variado espectro de pacientes. La angiotomografía de tórax es actualmente el estándar de oro para su diagnóstico y suele sobresolicitarse, con una alta tasa de resultados negativos. Es por esto que debe estandarizarse la racionalidad del estudio diagnóstico de esta enfermedad de una manera eficiente, introduciendo escalas de probabilidad clínica pretest validadas. Una vez hecho el diagnóstico se debe establecer el riesgo de mortalidad, dado fundamentalmente por la disfunción aguda del ventrículo derecho, que se evidencia en parámetros clínicos, de laboratorio, tomográficos y ecocardiográficos.

Venous thromboembolic disease is an entity with high morbidity and mortality that occurs in a wide spectrum of patients. Chest CT angiography is currently the gold standard for diagnosis and is usually over requested, with a high rate of negative results. This is why rationality should be given to standardize diagnostic studies of this disease in an efficient manner, introducing pretest clinical probability scales validated. Once the diagnosis is done, it is important to establish the risk of mortality, mainly given by acute right ventricular dysfunction, as evidenced by clinical, laboratory, and tomographic and echocardiographic features.