Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate monotherapy for nucleos(t)ide analogue-naive and nucleos(t)ide analogue-experienced chronic hepatitis B patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study investigated the antiviral effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy in nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-naive and NA-experienced chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. METHODS: CHB patients treated with TDF monotherapy (300 mg/day) for > or =12 weeks between December 2012 and July 2014 at a single center were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical, biochemical, and virological parameters were assessed every 12 weeks. RESULTS: In total, 136 patients (median age 49 years, 96 males, 94 HBeAg positive, and 51 with liver cirrhosis) were included. Sixty-two patients were nucleos(t)ide (NA)-naive, and 74 patients had prior NA therapy (NA-exp group), and 31 patients in the NA-exp group had lamivudine (LAM)-resistance (LAM-R group). The baseline serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level was 4.9+/-2.3 log IU/mL (mean+/-SD), and was higher in the NA-naive group than in the NA-exp and LAM-R groups (5.9+/-2.0 log IU/mL vs 3.9+/-2.0 log IU/mL vs 4.2+/-1.7 log IU/mL, P<0.01). The complete virological response (CVR) rate at week 48 in the NA-naive group (71.4%) did not differ significantly from those in the NA-exp (71.3%) and LAM-R (66.1%) groups. In multivariate analysis, baseline serum HBV DNA was the only predictive factor for a CVR at week 48 (hazard ratio, 0.809; 95% confidence interval, 0.729-0.898), while the CVR rate did not differ with the NA experience. CONCLUSIONS: TDF monotherapy was effective for CHB treatment irrespective of prior NA treatment or LAM resistance. Baseline serum HBV DNA was the independent predictive factor for a CVR.

Difference in Adenoma Detection Rates according to Colonoscopic Withdrawal Times and the Level of Expertise / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adequate screening colonoscopy in the general population decreases the mortality associated with colorectal cancer through detection and removal of adenomatous polyps. Prolonged colonoscopic withdrawal times (>6 min) are reportedly beneficial for adenoma detection rates (ADRs). However, the quality of the endoscopist compared with colonoscopic withdrawal times is not known. The aims of this study were to investigate the difference in ADRs between trainees and experienced examiners. METHODS: A total of 967 consecutive patients who underwent screening colonoscopy in a single University hospital from June 2010 to November 2011 were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Colonoscopy was performed by four experienced staff and seven gastroenterology fellows. RESULTS: Seven gastroenterology fellows performed 633 colonoscopies and four experienced staff performed 334 colonoscopies. The overall detection rates of colorectal adenoma were 31.5% with ADRs of fellows and staff of 29.4% and 35.6%, respectively (p=0.047). Fellows also showed lower advanced ADRs (5.7% vs. 9.9%, p=0.016), and fellows had longer mean withdrawal times than staff (12.4+/-4.9 min vs. 8.2+/-4.1 min, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed significantly increased ADRs and advanced ADRs for staff compared with fellows (adjusted OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.70-3.43; adjusted OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.47-4.45, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ADRs were significantly lower when colonoscopy was performed by trainees, although withdrawal times were longer than those of staff. Our results demonstrated that the quality of colonoscopy, as measured by ADRs, may be improved by experienced examiners.

A Case of Septic Shock Caused by Escherichia coli after Intravenous Injection of Contaminated Propofol / 감염과화학요법

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a rapid and short-acting anesthetic agent that is used for general anesthesia and endoscopic sedation. It is available as an aqueous lipid emulsion and this preparation could serve as a bacterial culture medium. We report a case of a 46-year-old female who developed septic shock caused by Escherichia coli after being sedated by propofol to undergo gastrointestinal endoscopy. The contaminated propofol was identified as the cause of septic shock by pulsed-gel electrophoresis.

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Caused by Hafnia alvei in a Patient with Liver Cirrhosis / 감염과화학요법

Hafnia alvei is a gram-negative bacillus that is rarely isolated from human clinical specimens and is rarely pathogenic. This organism is an extremely uncommon cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). We report a case of an 83-year-old male with hepatitis C-associated liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma who was diagnosed with SBP caused by H. alvei. He was admitted to an university-affiliated hospital with fever and abdominal pain. There were 2 episodes of SBP during 2 months. Although isolates of H. alvei from ascitic fluid were shown to be susceptible to cefotaxime, responses for cefotaxime treatment were inadequate in both episodes. Therefore, cefotaxime was switched to imipenem in the first episode and to ciprofloxacin in the second, according to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility. After the antibiotics was changed, SBP was resolved.

A Case of Pheochromocytoma Crisis with Acute Myocardial Infarction Induced by Glucocorticoids Administration

The most common symptoms of pheochromocytoma are paroxysmal or sustained hypertension, or symptoms of paroxysmal adrenergic stimulation such as palpitation, headache, and diaphoresis. These patients can on rare occasion reveal or be complicated with cardiovascular symptoms such as arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, acute coronary syndrome and cardiogenic shock. These cardiac manifestations of pheochromocytoma may delay the diagnosis, which can cause a catastrophic outcome. A pheochromocytoma crisis is provoked by surgery, anesthesia, exercise and, several drugs and it is known to be an endocrine emergency with mortality as high as 85%. Many classes of drugs are well known to precipitate adverse reactions, but the presentation of pheochromocytoma after the administration of steroid has rarely been reported. We report here on a case of pheochromocytoma crisis with acute myocardial infarction after the patient took prednisolone. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanism of glucocorticoid induced crisis and myocardial infarction in pheochromocytoma patients.