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Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. It has taken fourth place among malignancies that affect women, the first leading is breast cancer. In developing countries including India, it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. It is readily preventable and can be diagnosed at the pre invasive stage with adequate and repetitive cytological screening and Papanicolaou smears.Methods: This observational study was aimed to screen the patients attending gynae OPD of ESIMCH, Bihta. The main purpose was to study the incidence of premalignant and malignant lesions in population in and around ESICMCH, Bihta. A total of 100 patients attending gynaecology OPD of ESIC, Bihta were screened during a period of one year from October 2022 to September 2023.燩ap smears are taken from women visiting gynaecological OPD between ages of 25 to 70 with different gynaecological complaints using Ayer抯 spatula. Smears were reported according to Bethesda system 2001.Results: A total of 200 pap smears were examined. There were 68 patients with NILM, and 67 patients with inflammatory smear. ASCUS was found in 12 patients, LSIL in 10 patients, HSIL in 7 and squamous cell carcinoma in 1 patient. This study concluded that a simple pap smear test could be offered to vast populations for diagnosing premalignant conditions of the survey this has and will in future continue to aid us with the early diagnosis of survival cancer.Conclusions: PAP smear is useful in diagnosing malignant and premalignant lesions of the cervix. In developing countries such as India this screening method is cheap and can be widely used. It can be used by trainers and para medical staffs.
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Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most common problems presenting in OPD to the gynecologist regardless of the age of the women. The main aim was to study the frequency of different histopathological findings of endometrial sample in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.Methods: This study was conducted on 82 patients from December 2021 to November 2022 in the department of obstetrics and gynecology. Patients with AUB due to gestational cause like missed abortion, incomplete abortion, retained products of conception and with uterine fibroid were excluded from study.Results: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) presented mostly in the 41-50 years of age. The commonest histopathological pattern in abnormal uterine bleeding was normal physiological changes of menstrual cycles secretory phase (29%). Endometrial hyperplasia was the most common endometrial pathology observed in 11% patients.Conclusions: Endometrial evaluation in abnormal uterine bleeding helps in early detection of pre-neoplastic conditions and malignancy to provide early treatment and avoid further complications.
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Background: The objective of this present study was to assess the efficacy of condom uterine balloon tamponade (C-UBT) in averting the obstetric hysterectomy (OH) in cases of major postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) over a period of 10 years.Methods: A retrospective cohort study from January 2010 to December 2019. A historical cohort was drawn from a group of women who had OH for major PPH between Jan 2010 to December 2014 (Group 1) whereas those from January 2015 to December 2019 were designated as Group 2. Total 305 C-UBT were used in the later period. Women who had OH at <28 weeks were excluded from the study. Primary outcome was to determine the efficacy of C-UBT in averting the risk of OH. Secondary objective was to determine the success rate of C-UBT after five years of useResults: Total 37463 births occurred from January 2010 to December 2014 and 38808 during January 2015 to December 2019. Cases of OH were 33 in the first five years period (Group 1) and 20 in the later (Group 2), p=<05, odds ratio=0.58 with 95% CI 0.335-1.019 favoring C-UBT. After exclusion of rupture uterus and placenta accreta syndrome, OH for uterine atony alone were 22 (66.6%) for Group 1 and 08 (40%) for Group 2, P=0.01 odds ratio=0.350 (95% CI 0.156-0.788). No OH was done in group 2 for placenta previa. Efficacy of C-UBT was 96%.Conclusions: C-UBT is very safe, cheap and effective option for averting OH and associated physical, emotional and psychosocial morbidity.
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The disabling mental illness anxiety is gradually affecting the modern society in any age group worldwide. The searchfor novel bioactive entity from herbal origin for different disorders has become the center of attraction significantlyfrom the past few decades. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter known tobe responsible for the anxiolytic activity of most of the potent anxiolytic agents. All the available data of pongamol1-(4-methoxybenzofuran-5-yl)-3-phenylpropane-1, 3-dione (MPD) were based on natural or semi-synthetic source.The synthetic routes were using easily available source and quick, cost-effective, and high yielding process. MPD hastraditionally been acquired from natural sources mainly from the extracts of fruits of Pongamia pinnata and Pongamiaglabra, where the yield value and the yield time are the main drawbacks. Keeping in view of the above aspects in thepresent research, it was approached to synthesize and evaluate the anxiolytic potential 1-(methoxybenzofuran-5yl)-3-phenylpropane-1, 3-dione on experimental animals and docking procedure after its synthesis. The study of MPDon the gross behavior of mice showed a significant Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant effect. Furthermore,its anxiolytic activity was confirmed by observing its reduced locomotion of mice using actophotometer and elevatedplus-maze apparatus. The highest docking score was observed to be −3.22 than the diazepam (−3.21) against GammaAmino Butyric Acid-A (GABAA). The present study provides a promising anxiolytic agent, MPD, which has itspotency due to the GABAA receptor binding and causing the mitigation of the symptoms of anxiety.
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The present study was conducted to develop chicken meat powder (CMP) incorporated ready-to-eat shelf stable fried chicken snacks and evaluate the effect of rosemary leaves extract (RE) incorporation on physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties in developed product during ambient storage up to 60 days. Two different groups were made; control (without RE) and second group with RE treated (3% level). In physico-chemical properties, results showed that RE incorporation had highly significant (p<0.01) effect on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), free fatty acid (FFA) and tyrosine value. Similarly in microbiological parameter RE treated product had significantly (p<0.05) lower total plate count (TPC), Staphylococcus count (SC) and significantly (p<0.01) lower yeast and mold count than control. RE incorporation had highly significant effect (p<0.01) on sensory score (texture, flavour and overall acceptability except appearance) of the product during storage period. Therefore, it is concluded that RE incorporation into fried chicken snacks improved physico-chemical (TBARs, free fatty acid content and Tyrosine value), microbiological (Total plate count, Staphylococcus count and yeast and mold count) and sensory parameter (flavor, texture and overall acceptability) of the chicken snacks during 60 days storag
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Background:Sex refers to biological and physical characteristics that are linked with labeled male or female. Transgender refers to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex. Objectives:The objective of the study was to determine the social life of LGBTI living at blue diamond society.Methodology:A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted among 188 respondents living at Blue diamond society Dhumbarahi, Kathmandu. Non-probability, purposive sampling technique and structured interview were used for data collection. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16 and percentage was calculated and presented in tables.Results:Among 188 respondents, 28.2% were transgender male, 28.7% were transgender female, 22.9%were gay and 20.2% were lesbian,all (100%) of the respondents have difficulty walking outside the society, all(100%) of the respondent have difficult to adjust beside their own society and all(100%) of the respondents do not have job opportunity in the society.Conclusion:The above results concluded that further studies on various topics related to LGBTI are needed to conduct for improvement of social life of LGBTI