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Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the pattern and reasons for self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: The present study was an exploratory cross-sectional survey. The questionnaire was meant to be filled up by those who were older than 18 y and could read and write English. The questionnaire (related to socio-demographic status, pattern, and reasons for self-medication) was designed and validated by a committee of faculties in the department of pharmacology through a peer review process and sent through mail, WhatsApp, and other means of social media. A non-parametric Chi-square test was used to test relationships between categorical variables.Results: The responses of 557 participants were analyzed; among them, the majority were females as compared to males. There was a significant difference (*p = 0.02) in the pattern of self-medication between the males (38%) and females (62%), and most of the participants used self-medication as a preventive measure for COVID-19 (39%). Fear of going out (13%) during COVID-19 was the main single reason for self-medication. Arsenic Album 30 was the most frequently used homeopathic formulation (26%).Conclusion: This study showed that apprehension, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, was the main impulse for self-medication.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Understanding the intricate dynamics between different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and the corresponding variations in clinical outcomes is essential for informed public health decision-making. Comprehensive insights into these fluctuations can guide resource allocation, healthcare policies, and the development of effective interventions. This study aimed to compare the characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 at peak transmission points by including all patients attended during the first four pandemic waves in a referral center in Colombia. Material and methods: In a prospective observational study of 2733 patients, clinical and demographic data were extracted from the Fundacion Valle de Lili's COVID-19 Registry, focusing on ICU admission, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV), length of hospital stay, and mortality. Results: Our analysis unveiled substantial shifts in patient care patterns. Notably, the proportion of patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy and experiencing secondary infections exhibited a pronounced decrease across waves (p < 0.001). Remarkably, there was a significant reduction in ICU admissions (62.83% vs. 51.23% vs. 58.23% vs. 46.70 %, p < 0.001), Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV) usage (39.25% vs. 32.22% vs. 31.22% vs. 21.55 %, p < 0.001), and Length of Hospital Stay (LOS) (9 vs. 8 vs. 8 vs. 8 days, p < 0.001) over the successive waves. Surprisingly, hospital mortality remained stable at approximately 18-20 % (p > 0.05). Notably, vaccination coverage with one or more doses surged from 0 % during the initial waves to 66.71 % in the fourth wave. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the critical importance of adapting healthcare strategies to the evolving dynamics of the pandemic. The reduction in ICU admissions, IMV utilization, and LOS, coupled with the rise in vaccination rates, underscores the adaptability of healthcare systems. Hospital mortality's persistence may warrant further exploration of treatment strategies. These insights can inform public health responses, helping policymakers allocate resources effectively and tailor interventions to specific phases of the pandemic.
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Antecedents: Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are not just dealing with their diagnoses. They are facing stigma due to their pathology. International research has proposed that individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia suffer more stigma than other types of mental issues. However, in Chile, a valid scale is not available to measure stigma against individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Objectives: To fill this gap, this research is aimed to develop and validate a scale to measure stigma against individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods: Two stages were completed to achieve the research objective. First, a pool of items was developed based on the three critical components of stigma, cognitive, affective and behavioral. Three independent judges were asked to assess the content aspects of the content validity of the items. Second, following an instrumental and longitudinal design with non-probabilistic with a quota sampling by gender (N = 607) the validity and reliability of the final scale was assessed. Results: A one-dimensional scale composed of 22 items showed good statistical boundaries. The observed factor loadings suggest that the items adequately represent the dimension (λ>, 6), and the reliability estimates are optimal (α>, 8; ω>, 8). Results suggest that the scale can be used the respondents' gender irrespectively.
Antecedentes: Las personas diagnosticadas con esquizofrenia no solo enfrentan su diagnóstico. Ellos también tienen que enfrentar el estigma producto de su patología. Investigaciones internacionales han propuesto que las personas diagnosticas con esquizofrenia sufren más de estigma que otras patologías mentales. Sin embargo, en Chile no existe una escala validada para medir el estigma hacia personas diagnosticadas con esquizofrenia. Objetivos: Para cubrir esta necesidad en la literatura, esta investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar y validar un instrumento para medir el estigma hacia personas diagnosticadas con esquizofrenia. Métodos: Dos etapas fueron completadas para lograr el objetivo de investigación. En primer lugar, se desarrolló un set de ítems basados en los "tres componentes centrales del estigma: creencia, emoción y conducta". Se les solicitó a tres jueces independientes evaluar estas preguntas de acuerdo con su contenido y validez. En segundo lugar, siguiendo un diseño instrumental y longitudinal con muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas por género (N = 607) se evaluó la validez y confiabilidad de la escala final. Resultados: Una escala unidimensional compuesta por 22 ítems mostró buenos límites estadísticos. Las saturaciones de factores observadas sugieren que los ítems representan adecuadamente la dimensión (λ>, 6), y las estimaciones de confiabilidad son óptimas (α>, 8; ω>, 8). Los resultados sugieren que la escala se puede utilizar independientemente del género de los encuestados
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Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer la asociación entre índice de masa corporal y estrés percibido en un grupo de adultos ecuatorianos; así como, determinar la capacidad predictiva de algunas variables sociodemográficas con respecto al índice de masa corporal. El estudio tuvo un diseño observacional, alcance asociativo y de corte transversal, en el que participaron 307 personas adultas con edades entre 18 a 65 años incluidos mediante un procedimiento de bola de nieve. Los datos se recolectaron mediante el uso de la Escala de Estrés Percibido y dos secciones adicionales para datos generales y medidas antropométricas. Se halló que el 36,8% de la población de estudio tenía sobrepeso u obesidad, mientras que el 77,5% de la población tiene un mediano riesgo de estrés, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas; sin que se asociara estadísticamente al sexo con el índice de masa corporal ni con el riesgo de estrés. En la población investigada predominó el grupo etario entre 18 y 30 años, el sexo femenino y los que declararon ser estudiantes en el momento de llenar el instrumento. El valor de R cuadrado ajustado indicó que el conjunto de variables sociodemográficas estudiadas agrupadas era predictor del IMC en el entorno investigado.
Abstract This research aimed to establish the association between body mass index and perceived stress in a group of Ecuadorian adults and determine the predictive capacity of some sociodemographic variables concerning body mass index. The study had an observational design, associative scope, and cross-sectional, in which 307 adults between 18 and 65 years of age were included through a snowball procedure. Data were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale and two additional sections for general data and anthropometric measurements. It was found that 36.8% of the study population was overweight or obese. In comparison, 77.5% had a medium risk of stress, with women being the most affected, without sex being statistically associated with body mass index or risk of stress. In the investigated population, the age group between 18 and 30 years old, the female sex, and those who declared they were students when filling out the instrument predominated. The adjusted R square value indicated that the sociodemographic variables studied grouped predicted BMI in the investigated environment.
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The root system architecture (RSA) in monocotyledonous plants like rice is consists of primary roots, lateral roots, seminal/crown roots, and root hairs. The soil nutrients also influence many physiological processes via various root parameters like root length, root diameter and root angle for growth and development. The variation in root system architecture in rice is influenced by the intrinsic factors (phytohormones, transcription factors) and extrinsic factors (light, temperature and moisture) and their collective effect. The phytohormones such as; auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and ethylene, and their mutual effects play vital role for root architectural trait development. Many genes/QTLs were identified in rice which are strong role player for root development. But the biochemical signaling pathways are not completely understood. The modern molecular tools like genome editing, sequencing and multi-omics (transcriptomics and proteomics) approaches and multi-disciplinary system biology studies can provide a better solution for this issue. To improve the sustainable food grain production under extreme environment, it is important to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanism of root development. Moreover, it is imperative to establish a resilient root system in rice cultivation in order to mitigate the overuse of chemical fertilizers, enhance nutrient efficiency, and improve climate resilience of the plant.
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of date of transplanting, planting geometry and training system on the fruit yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse at the Research Farm of Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and eighteen treatments, comprised of three date of transplanting (1st fortnight of March, 2nd fortnight of March and 1st fortnight of April), two planting geometry viz., 60 cm x 30 cm, 75 cm x 30 cm and three training systems viz., two shoots, three shoots and four shoots. Results revealed that plants transplanted earlier (1st fortnight of March) at a wider spacing of (75 cm x 30 cm) recorded significantly higher number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight and total soluble solids, while maximum fruit yield was recorded under closer spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm. With regards to the number of shoots per plant, plants with three shoots recorded significantly higher fruit yield. So it can be concluded that plants transplanted in the 1st fortnight of March, trained to three shoots and spaced at 60 cm x 30 cm apart were found to be the best for higher fruit yield and better quality of the produce.
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The experiment was conducted with ten genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) viz ICCV 88503, ICCV 92944, HC- 1, HC-3, HC-5, H12-64, H13-01, H13-02, H14-01 and H14-04 for three dates of sowing i.e 15th October, 15thNovember and 15thDecember at the field in randomized block design during Rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Pulses Section, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to observe the effect of sowing dates on vegetative and reproductive growth rate of chickpea genotypes at different intervals i.e 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAS with their correlations to seed yield. The dry weight of leaves, stem, pods, plant height, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and pollen viability were minimum in 15thDecember sowing and maximum in 15thOctober sowing at all intervals. Among genotypes, maximum dry matter and growth rate were observed in H12-64 and H13-01 while minimum were found in H14-04. Seed yield exhibited significant positive correlation with all traits in 15th October and 15th November sowing while non-significant was on 15th December sowing.
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Due to increasing demand to meet out industrial requirement as a raw material , soft wood forest species are under tremendous pressure across the globe. The demand of fast growing Melia dubia is one of them. The usual approach of regeneration for this plant is through seed is unable to produce large scale plants. The present investigation aimed to develop the Standard Operating Procedure through Tissue culture method for mass multiplication of M.dubia using nodal segment . Results showed that the highest shoot initiation response (86.6%) was recorded in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with additives, NAA (0.1 mg l-1) and Kinetin (0.5mg l-1). Maximum response of shoot multiplication with highest shoot length of 5.5 cm was obtained in MS medium supplemented with combinations of Ascorbic acid (50 mg l-1) and Kinetin 1 mgl-1. For rhizogenesis, MS + 3.0 mgl-1 IBA (93.3 %) demonstrated superior in terms of the percentage of cultures with root induction, the average number of roots, and the average length of roots per explant. In conclusion present study ensures the successful mass multiplication of M. dubia, demonstrating the importance of tissue culture in the expansion of this economically significant multipurpose tree.
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Primigravida refers to a woman who is pregnant for the first time. It is a unique experience for the woman. Usually, any minor alignment during this time will lead to anxiety. The prevalence rate of myasthenia gravis in pregnancy is 1 in 20,000. The main reason behind the cause of the disease is improper secretion of acetylcholine, huge secretion of cholinesterase, and non-responsive muscle fibers. The purpose of this case study is to introduce the outcome of pregnancy with myasthenia gravis. This case was taken at X private hospital. A 27-year-old primigravida woman with 38 weeks of pregnancy was the first known case of myasthenia gravis. She was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis thymic hyperplasia in November 2020. The patient is then managed with a surgical procedure, i.e., thymectomy, on 18 September 2021. The patient was receiving distinon (pyridostigmine) 60 mg. It requires the intraoperative collaboration of the neurology and obstetrics departments in managing myasthenia gravis during pregnancy. A successful elective caesarean section was done on the patient's request under spinal anaesthesia on 13 April 2023. The male newborn, with a birth weight of 2.825 gm was delivered. The newborn was transferred to the NICU for further surveillance and did not show any sign of muscular weakness. The baby was healthy at the time of discharge.
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Background: Thalassemia syndromes are the commonest genetic disorders of blood and constitute a vast public health problem with 2.78 to 4% prevalence in India. The most effective and feasible approach to reduce the incidence of thalassemia major is implementation of carrier screening program to screen the antenatal women in early pregnancy.Methods: Institutional based cross sectional observational study was conducted. We screened 400 antenatal women by performing preliminary test red cell indices, Mentzer index and confirmatory test by high performance liquid chromatography. Husbands of positive women were also tested to find out couples on risk.Results: Out of 400 antenatal women screened, 46 required HbA2 estimation, and 11 (2.8%) were diagnosed as ?-thalassemia minor positive. Most of thalassemia minor positive women were primigravida and mean (SD) age and gestational age of these women was 23.8 (3.1) years and 11.8 (1.7) weeks, respectively. Amongst thalassemia minor positive women most were mild to moderately anemic and these women had significantly greater mean TRBC count. Ninety one percent of thalassemia minor positive women had MCV<77. All of thalassemia minor positive women had MCH<27. Eighty two percent of thalassemia minor positive women had MI<13. None of couple at-risk was detected. So, prevalence of thalassemia carrier was 2.8%.Conclusions: Thalassemia is a monogenetic disorder with autosomal recessive streak. Universal screening in antenatal window by complete blood counts, hematological indices (MCV, MCH, TRBC), Mentzer index and HPLC may lead to non-pyrrhic victory over this odious entity.
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Background: Thalassemia syndromes are the commonest genetic disorders of blood and constitute a vast public health problem with 2.78 to 4% prevalence in India. The most effective and feasible approach to reduce the incidence of thalassemia major is implementation of carrier screening program to screen the antenatal women in early pregnancy.Methods: Institutional based cross sectional observational study was conducted. We screened 400 antenatal women by performing preliminary test red cell indices, Mentzer index and confirmatory test by high performance liquid chromatography. Husbands of positive women were also tested to find out couples on risk.Results: Out of 400 antenatal women screened, 46 required HbA2 estimation, and 11 (2.8%) were diagnosed as ?-thalassemia minor positive. Most of thalassemia minor positive women were primigravida and mean (SD) age and gestational age of these women was 23.8 (3.1) years and 11.8 (1.7) weeks, respectively. Amongst thalassemia minor positive women most were mild to moderately anemic and these women had significantly greater mean TRBC count. Ninety one percent of thalassemia minor positive women had MCV<77. All of thalassemia minor positive women had MCH<27. Eighty two percent of thalassemia minor positive women had MI<13. None of couple at-risk was detected. So, prevalence of thalassemia carrier was 2.8%.Conclusions: Thalassemia is a monogenetic disorder with autosomal recessive streak. Universal screening in antenatal window by complete blood counts, hematological indices (MCV, MCH, TRBC), Mentzer index and HPLC may lead to non-pyrrhic victory over this odious entity.
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One of the main environmental factors that restricts the growth and productivity of sorghum is salt stress, which interferes with physiological processes including relative water content, NBI (nitrogen balance index), photosynthetic rate, etc. Agricultural land affected by soil salinity is growing significantly worldwide, therefore, strategies are needed to improve the salinity tolerance and most efficient one can be opted by studying the response of sorghum against salinity. Salt stress can be reduced by plant stress hormones such jasmonates, ABA, brassinosteroids, etc. In order to assess the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) (4.5, 6.5 & 8.5 mM) on the physiological properties of sorghum (HJ 541 and CSV 21F) grown in saline soil (4, 6 & 8 dS/m), green house experiment was executed on a complete randomized design (CRD), with three replications. The results shows that the salinity adversely effected photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content, antioxidants (anthocyanin and flavonoids), nitrogen balance index, ash content which can be used as the most suitable parameter for determining tolerance to salinity stress. While, foliar application of jasmonic acid significantly improved the relative water content, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, etc. Jasmonic acid concentrations of 8.5 mM had more noticeable effects. Percent enhancement in chlorophyll index, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, was 14.5% and 13.4%, 16.7% and 19.9%, 42.0% and 58.0% in HJ 541 and CSV 21F, respectively at 8 dS/m as compared to control. CSV 21F performed better as compared to HJ 541 at all levels of salt stress after application of jasmonic acid.
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Introducción:Las barreras determinan la poca efectividad de los programas de promoción y mantenimiento de la salud bucodental en mujeres embarazadas.Objetivo:Interpretar las barreras percibidas para la adopción de comportamientos preventivos en salud bucal por gestantes en la ciudad de Montería, Colombia.Materiales y métodos:Estudio cualitativo, micro etnográfico que empleó la observación directa, diario de campo y entrevistas a profundidad con 19 gestantes de la comuna 4 de Montería, Colombia.Resultados:El miedo fue la principal barrera de las gestantes para solicitar atención odontológica. La naturalización de la presencia de caries y pérdidas dentales por el embarazo, la percepción del miedo del profesional para atenderlas, así como la precariedad en la atención odontológica fueron los detonantes para que las maternas consolidaran prácticas caseras como alternativas odontológicas para mitigar las afecciones bucodentales.Conclusión:Las barreras construidas por las gestantes pueden ser las causas para que los programas de promoción en salud bucal dirigidas a ellas no sean del todo eficaces, por ello el esfuerzo del equipo de salud de las maternas, ha de trabajar mancomunadamente en función de reconocerlas como sujetos activos y aprender juntos cómo minimizar las creencias y actitudes riesgosas para la salud.
Introduction:The low effectiveness of programs for the promotion and maintenance of oral health in pregnant women is caused by various barriers. Objective:To understand the barriers perceived by pregnant women from Monteria (Colombia) for the application of preventive behaviors in oral health. Materials and methods:A qualitative micro-ethnographic study that applied direct observation, field diary, and in-depth interviews to 19 pregnant women from section 4 of Monteria, Colombia. Results:The main barrier for pregnant women was fear to request dental care. Dental cavities and loss due to pregnancy, perception of fear of the treating dentist as well as the precariousness of the dental care service were the reasons why pregnant women used home practices as dental alternatives to mitigate oral conditions. Conclusions:Barriers experienced by pregnant women may be the cause of the inefficiency of the health promotion programs aimed at them. Therefore, maternal health care teams must work together in order to recognize them as active participants and learn how to minimize health-risk beliefs and attitudes.
Introdução: Barreiras determinam a ineficácia de programas de promoção e manutenção da saúde bucal em mulheres grávidas. Objetivo: Interpretar as barreiras percebidas para a adoção de comportamentos preventivos em saúde bucal por mulheres grávidas na cidade de Montería, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo, micro etnográfico, que utilizou observação direta, diário de campo e entrevistas em profundidade com 19 gestantes da comuna 4 de Montería, Colômbia. Resultados: O medo foi a principal barreira para asgestantes solicitarem atendimento odontológico. A naturalização da presença de cáries e perdas dentárias devido á gravidez, a percepção de medo do profissional em atendê-las, bem como a precariedade do atendimento odontológico foram os motivos para que asmães consolidassem as práticas domiciliares como alternativas odontológicas para atenuar as condições bucais. Conclusão: As barreiras construídas pelas gestantes podem ser as causas para que os programas de promoção da saúde bucal direcionados a elas não sejam totalmente efetivos, portanto o esforço da equipe de saúde materna deve trabalhar em conjunto para reconhecê-las como sujeitos ativos e aprenderem juntos como minimizar crenças e atitudes de risco à saúde.
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Humains , Femelle , Adulte , Patients , Santé , Droit à la santé , Obstacles à l'Accès aux Services de Santé , Accessibilité des services de santéRÉSUMÉ
Background: Cervical carcinoma is the third most common cancer in women worldwide and firth most common cause of cancer related deaths. Human Papilloma virus, the most common cause of cervical cancer, causes functional inactivation of pRb, resulting in overexpression of p16INK4a. The overexpression of p16INK4a correlates well with the degree of cervical dysplasia and neoplasia. The present study is done to determine the IHC expression of p16INK4a so that it may be used as a biomarker for HPV and may play a role in the prevention, diagnosis and prognosis of cervical neoplasm.Methods: The present study was conducted on 60 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of cervical neoplasms, which comprised 47 cases of squamous cell carcinoma followed by 8 cases of adenocarcinoma, 3 cases of HSIL and 2 cases of LSIL. These were then subjected to IHC by p16INK4a. Cytoplasmic and nuclear positivity for p16INK4a was noted.Results: Overall 95% cases were positive for p16INK4a expression, 100% cases of adenocarcinoma, 98% cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 100% cases of HSIL and 0% cases of LSIL were positive for p16 expression.Conclusions: The present study showed statistical correlation of immunoreactivity of p16INK4a with histological type was clinically significant (p value <0.0001). In our study, p16INK4a immunohistochemical expression increased with increasing degree of dysplasia and with presence of cervical carcinoma.
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Background: An elevated cardiovascular risk has been demonstrated in middle-aged individuals with onset of hair greying before the age of 30 years. Increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?), indicate an ongoing state of chronic inflammation that is correlated with cardiovascular risk but have not been studied earlier in patients with early onset of hair greying. Aim/Objective: To study various cardiovascular risk markers including pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) in patients with premature canities. Methods: This was a hospital-based case-control study of 40 patients with premature canities (age between 19 and 25 years; >5 grey hair) and an equal number of age and gender-matched healthy controls. The blood pressure, pulse rate and body mass index were recorded, and investigations including fasting blood sugar, serum insulin, fasting lipid profile, high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6 and TNF-? were performed. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated for all the participants. Results: The mean blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, serum insulin, hs-CRP and HOMA-IR were all significantly elevated in patients with premature canities and the serum HDL levels were significantly lower. A greater number of patients with premature canities had significantly elevated IL-6 as compared with the controls. Limitations: The sample size was small. A subjective scale was used for grading the severity of premature canities. Trichoscopic evaluation of severity of greying or modified phototrichogram could not be used in this study. Conclusion: Abnormalities in cardiovascular risk markers were found in patients with premature canities. Screening and counselling of patients with premature greying of hair is recommended in order to prevent future cardiovascular disease.
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Introducción: la infección tuberculosa latente es un estado de respuesta inmune tipo hipersensibilidad celular retardada del organismo a la estimulación por antígenos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis sin evidencia clínica y radiológica de tuberculosis. Puede ser diagnosticada mediante la prueba de tuberculina o derivado proteico purificado de tuberculina. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de Medicina y las variables asociadas a una reacción positiva en la prueba de tuberculina. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el cual se procedió a realizar la prueba de tuberculina por el método de Mantoux utilizando 0,1 ml de derivado proteico purificado de tuberculina Tubersol, en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina de una universidad. Resultados: participaron 290 estudiantes. La frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente fue 19,3%. Al relacionar las variables demográficas con la reacción positiva en la prueba de tuberculina, los hombres presentaron 1,895 veces mayor probabilidad de dar positivo a la prueba de tuberculina que las mujeres. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina fue 19,3% y la variable que presentó asociación estadística a la prueba de tuberculina positiva fue el sexo masculino.
Introduction: Latent tuberculosis infection is a state of delayed cellular hypersensitivity immune response of the organism to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without clinical and radiological evidence of tuberculosis. It can be diagnosed by tuberculin test or tuberculin purified protein derivative. Objectives: To determine the frequency of latent tuberculosis infection in medical students and the variables associated with a positive reaction in the tuberculin test. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in which the tuberculin test was made by the Mantoux method using 0.1 ml of purified protein derivative of Tubersol tuberculin in students of the medicine career of a university. Results: Two hundred ninety students participated. The frequency of latent tuberculosis infection was 19.3%. When relating the demographic variables to the positive reaction in the tuberculin test, men were 1,895 times more likely to test positive for the tuberculin test than women. Conclusions: The frequency of latent tuberculosis infection in medical students was 19.3% and the variable that presented a statistical association with the positive tuberculin test was male sex.
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Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of Ajwain supplementation on the serum biochemical parameters of Pratapdhan chicken breed. Study Design: Descriptive Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, between 12 December 2016 to 5 February 2017. Methodology: A totally randomized strategy was used to disperse 120 Pratapdhan chicks. The chicks were distributed into four treatment groups, each one contained 30 chicks. The treatment groups included the control (basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 0.1% Ajwain seed powder), T2 (basal diet + 0.2% Ajwain seed powder), and T3 (basal diet + 0.3% Ajwain seed powder). Daily records of the shed's temperature and humidity were used to calculate the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). During the experimental period, standard feeding practices and all other management techniques were used. One bird from each replicate was slaughtered on end day of the experiment period (2, 4, 6, and 8 week) to estimate serum biochemical parameters. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. Results: A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium values, among the biochemical indicators that varied between the treatment groups and the control group at whole tested period except the calcium concentration at 8 weeks of periods was not significantly (P>0.05) difference. Cholesterol value was observed (P<0.05) significantly decreasing with Ajwain supplementation groups when compared to control group. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of Ajwain seed powder had not negative effect on the serum bio-chemical parameters of Pratapdhan broiler breed and lowering cholesterol concentration, which directly affects humans who consume poultry meat.
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Background: Worldwide, a declining trend is observed in sexually transmitted infections of bacterial origin which is reflected as a rise in the proportion of viral sexually transmitted infections. Aims: To find out the clinical referral patterns of sexually transmitted infections among patients who attended the sexually transmitted infection clinic attached to Dermatology and Venereology Department of Government Medical College, Kozhikode from 1.1.1998 to 31.12.2017 and to study the linear trends in the pattern of sexually transmitted infections over 20 years. Methods: After clearance from the institutional ethics committee, a retrospective study was conducted among patients who attended the sexually transmitted infection clinic of Government Medical College, Kozhikode from 1.1.1998 to 31.12.2017 and were diagnosed to have sexually transmitted infections. Results: During the 20 year study period 5227 patients, attended the sexually transmitted infection clinic of our institution. Diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection was made in 2470 (47.3%) cases. Predominant sexually transmitted infections were herpes genitalis (964, 39%), condyloma acuminata (921, 37.9%) and syphilis (418, 17.2%). Viral sexually transmitted infections (1885, 76.3%) outnumbered bacterial sexually transmitted infections (575, 23.3%). A declining trend was noted for both bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections over the 20 year period, which was more marked for the former. But the latter years of the study documented a rising trend in total sexually transmitted infections including bacterial sexually transmitted infections. Limitations: The study does not reflect the status of sexually transmitted infections in the general population since it was conducted in a tertiary referral center. Conclusion: The disturbing ascending trend recorded in sexually transmitted infections including syphilis during the final years of the 20-year period needs to be watched closely, to plan future strategies
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Aims : To calculate the prevalence of Dyslipidemia in patients with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection (Mtb) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Materials and Methods : A study done on 294 patients infected with Mtb were enrolled in the study. Patients infected with Tuberculosis (TB) were selected from Medicine and Pulmonary Medicine Departments in MLN Medical College Prayagraj. Patients were segregated into two groups on the basis of glucose tolerance; Abnormal Glucose Tolerance (AGT) and Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT). Results: A total of 294 patients with TB were taken in the study, 143 patients in AGT group and 151 patients in NGT group. The average age of the patients in AGT group was 47.91 years. Among AGT and NGT, Dyslipidemia was found to be statistically significant among AGT group (p=0.01). Mean Serum Triglycerides (209.8, p<0.004) and LDL Cholesterol (144.3, p<0.0001) in AGT group. Conclusion : Patient with TB DM are more prone for Dyslipidemia and atherogenicity