Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Recurrent Optic Neuritis; Comparison with Monophasic Optic Neuritis

BACKGROUND: Although relapses are known to be common in optic neuritis, there are only a few follow-up studies concerning recurrent optic neuritis. The aim of this study is to characterize the difference between monophasic and recurrent optic neuritis by analyzing clinical and laboratory spectrums of index event. METHODS: We performed a partially retrospective and prospective cohort study of patients with optic neuritis. The patients with optic neuritis were included by review of their medical records and neuroimaging studies and then followed up for the relapses of optic neuritis. Excluded were those who showed any evidence of multiple sclerosis, and those with prior demyelinating attacks. RESULTS: Thirteen of 43 enrolled patients had a recurrent optic neuritis during a mean (SD) follow up period of 58.0 (21.2) months, yielding a 5-year cumulative rate of recurrence of 39.5 percent. The patients who had CSF pleocytosis were more likely to develop a recurrent attacks (P<0.05), but neither clinical findings nor the other laboratory results appeared to influence recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that this disorder have a distinctive feature in terms of relapse and CSF pleocytosis compared with monophasic optic neuritis.

Antiepileptic and Neuroprotective Effect of Ketamine in Lithium-Pilocarpine Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model / 대한간질학회지

PURPOSE: To examine the putative seizure-protective properties of ketamine in lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (LPSE). METHODS: Lithium chloride followed 24 h later by pilocarpine was administered for seizure induction. Ketamine (40 mg/kg) or phenytoin (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 10 min or 60 min after the onset of continuous ictal discharge. Then the seizure behavior and EEG were observed and histological changes were compared through Nissl stain at 72 hours. RESULTS: The antiepileptic effect of ketamine, injected during the early stages of LPSE (10 min after the onset of continuous ictal discharge), was comparable to that of phenytoin. Ketamine was more effective than phenytoin in decreasing spike frequency, when administered on the plateau of LPSE (injection 60 min after onset of continuous ictal discharge electrographically). Anticonvulsant action of ketamine was confirmed by a less neuronal injury in hippocampus compared with control rats injected with phenytoin. CONCLUSIONS: In prolonged status epilepticus rat model, ketamine was effective as an antiepileptic, but phenytoin was not. Ketamine was also neuroprotective on the neuronal injury in the hippocampus. These results suggest that ketamine might be useful as an antiepileptic drug when standard antiepileptic drugs fail in the treatment of the refractory cases of status epilepticus.

Predictive Value of C-Reactive Protein in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Meningitis in Adults

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to clarify to what extent bacterial meningitis could be distinguished from aseptic or tuberculous meningitis through C-reactive protein (CRP) in adults. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 91 patients aged 15~81 years who had been hospitalized for acute meningitis and underwent lumbar puncture due to suspected central nervous system infection. RESULTS: We included 50 patients with aseptic meningitis, 23 patients with acute bacterial meningitis, and 18 patients with tuberculous meningitis. Blood CRP was higher in bacterial meningitis. None of the patients with bacterial meningitis had a CRP value of under 20 mg/dl. The CRP values were under 20 mg/dl in 92% of the patients with aseptic meningitis and in 73% of those with tuberculous meningitis. Taking a CRP level of above 20 mg/dl as a positive discriminatory factor for bacterial meningitis, the sensitivity and specificity were 1.0, 0.88. To better predict whether a patient has bacterial or nonbacterial meningitis, we developed a canonical discriminant function equation using CRP and CSF parameter, and finally concluded that blood CRP was a good predictive indicator that differentiated bacterial meningitis from aseptic or tuberculous meningitis at admission. CONCLUSIONS: The CRP measurement, is easily performed and inexpensive. We believe it is worth analyzing CRP whenever meningitis is suspected, it can also limit the unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Flumazenil-induced Ballism

Flumazenil, an imidazobenzodiazepine, is the first benzodiazepine antagonist and is being used to reverse the adverse pharmacological effects of benzodiazepine. There have been a few reports on the central nevous system side effects with its use. We report a patient with generalized ballism following administration of flumazenil. The mechanism through which flumazenil induced this symptom is unknown. It is conceivable that flumazenil may antagonize the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex and induce dopamine hypersensitivity, thus induce dyskinesic symptoms.