Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Images of Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Cases

We present two cases of adrenocortical oncocytomas that were well-delineated on multi-detector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The images showed a well-enhanced large mass with multiple stippled calcifications in a 10-yr-old girl who was consulted due to precocious puberty. A well-enhanced solid mass with necrotic components was incidentally noticed in a 54-yr-old man. These lesions were resected and diagnosed as adrenocortical oncocytomas through immunohistochemical studies and electron microscopy. Adrenocortical oncocytomas are rare disease entities, therefore, we report these interesting, rare adrenocortical oncocytomas here with radiologic findings, and discuss differential diagnosis.

Transverse Testicular Ectopia Diagnosed by US and MR Imaging: A Case Report

Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare congenital anomaly in which both testes migrate toward the same hemiscrotum. In most cases, the correct diagnosis is not made preoperatively, but it's made during an inguinal herniotomy or during surgical exploration for an undescended testis because TTE is clinically misdiagnosed as an symptomatic inguinal hernia or as a tumor of the testis on the side to which the ectopic testis has migrated or as an undescended testis on the contralateral side. US and MR imaging can detect the transverse testicular ectopia by its characteristic appearance and so provide useful information about any associated anomalies. We report here on a case of transverse testicular ectopia that was diagnosed by US and MR imaging in a 10-month-old boy, and we review the relevant literature.

Transverse Testicular Ectopia Diagnosed by US and MR Imaging: A Case Report

Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare congenital anomaly in which both testes migrate toward the same hemiscrotum. In most cases, the correct diagnosis is not made preoperatively, but it's made during an inguinal herniotomy or during surgical exploration for an undescended testis because TTE is clinically misdiagnosed as an symptomatic inguinal hernia or as a tumor of the testis on the side to which the ectopic testis has migrated or as an undescended testis on the contralateral side. US and MR imaging can detect the transverse testicular ectopia by its characteristic appearance and so provide useful information about any associated anomalies. We report here on a case of transverse testicular ectopia that was diagnosed by US and MR imaging in a 10-month-old boy, and we review the relevant literature.

Preoperative Assessment of Mesorectal Fascial Involvement in Patients with Rectal Cancer: The Diagnostic Value of MDCT for Measuring the Mesorectal Fascial Thickness

PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic value of the use of multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) in evaluating mesorectal fascial (MRF) involvement in patients with T3 stage rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2005 to June 2006, we enrolled 21 patients with T3 stage rectal cancer. In addition, 21 healthy patients were enrolled in a control group. Two radiologists measured the mean MRF thickness independently. We considered positive MRF involvement when the MRF thickness exceeded 4 mm, and then we measured the MRF thickness of patients with T3 rectal cancer. We analyzed interobserver agreement for the measured MRF thickness of the control group and assessed the diagnostic value of 4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm as references in predicting MRF involvement. RESULTS: The mean MRF thickness of the control group was 3.24+/-0.50 mm (radiologist 1) and 3.04+/-0.51 mm (radiologist 2). Using 4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm as a reference thickness in predicting MRF involvement, sensitivity was 100%, 100% and 28.57%, specificity was 71.43%, 85.71% and 92.86%, the false negative rate (FNR) was 0%, 0% and 71.43%, the false positive rate (FPR) was 28.57%, 14.29% and 7.14%, the negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%, 100% and 72.2%, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 63.64%, 77.78% and 66.7%, and the accuracy was 80.95%, 90.48% and 71.43%. CONCLUSION: Preoperative assessment of the MRF thickness on MDCT is beneficial in predicting MRF involvement in patients with advanced rectal cancer and a value of 5 mm as a reference MRF thickness was established.

Metastatic Spinal Epidural Leiomyoma: A Case Report

We report here on a case of a spinal extradural leiomyoma in a 67-year-old woman, and this tumor was in a very unusual location for a leiomyoma. Because the patient underwent hysterectomy for a uterine leiomyoma 20 years ago, we can speculate that the spinal lesion was a metastatic leiomyoma.

Peritoneal Lymphomatosis: Case Report

Peritoneal lymphomatosis is a rare manifestation of high grade lymphomas. Although it is difficult to differentiate peritoneal lymphomatosis from other peritoneal diseases such as peritoneal carcinomatosis and leiomyomatosis clinically and radiologically, it should be included in differential diagnosis because the disease is curable with chemotherapy. Consequently, radiologic diagnosis plays a very important role in the detection of this disease. We experienced two cases of peritoneal lymphomatosis with primary gastrointestinal lymphomas in the distal ileum. The two patients were 25 and 50-year-old males. Abdominal CT, ultrasound and barium study were performed on both patients. Both patients had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma confirmed with open or sonographically guided biopsies. Although radiologic appearances overlapped, characteristic findings of long-segmental circumscribed annular mass, aneurysmal luminal dilatation, small to moderate amount of ascites without septation or loculation, diffuse involvement of mesentery, omentum and peritoneum, and enlarged lymph nodes were helpful in narrowing the range of possible diagnoses.

Radiologic Evaluation of GIST

No abstract available.

Recurrent Bleeding After Arterial Embolization in Patients with Hemoptysis: Comparison of Angiographic Findings and Relapsing Period

PURPOSE: To describe the angiographic findings of patients with recurrent hemoptysis after bronchial artery embolization (BAE) according to the point at which relapse occurred. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 125 patients who underwent BAE due to hemoptysis between 1996 and 2000, we selected 18 of 23 who underwent additional BAE due to recurrent bleeding after initial BAE . Depending on the point at which relapse occurred, they were divided into two groups (I and II, according to whether additional BAE was performed within two weeks of initial BAE or more than two weeks after this). We retrospectively compared the two groups in terms of angiographic findings, number of embolized arteries, and character of feeding arteries at initial and additional BAE. RESULTS: Nine patients in group I (additional BAE: n=10) and nine in group II (additional BAE: n=13) were admitted for recurrent hemoptysis within two weeks of initial BAE and more than two weeks after this, respectively. In group I(n=29) and II(n=31), angiography demonstrated two direct and 27 indirect, and two direct and 29 indirect signs of hemorrhage, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed (x2=0.005, p=0.945). Among the embolized feeder ressels in group I (n=30) there were 20 bronchial artery and 10 non bronchial systemic collaterals, while for group II(n=35), the corresponding totals were 21 and 14. Again, no statistically significant differences were encountered(x2=0.308; p=0.579). In group I, feeders were newly developed in one case(10%), previously embolized in five(50%), and missed in four(40%), while in group two the corresponding figures were none, twelve(92.3%), and one(7.7%). No significant differences were noted, though the incidence of previously embolized feeders in Group II was very high (x2=5.383, p=0.068). CONCLUSION: Among patients in whom hemoptysis after BAE recurred at different times, the angiographic findings and number of embolized arteries were not significantly different, but differences in the nature of the feeder were noted. Patients in whom hemoptysis recurred more than two weeks after BAE showed more recanalization of previously embolized feeders than those in whom there was recurrence within two weeks.

Comparison of GRASE and Turbo Spin Echo Sequences in Brain MR Imaging

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of GRASE images of the brain, which combinegradient echo-EPI and turbo spin echo, and to compare the results with those of the turbo spin echo (TSE)technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed and compared brain MR images obtained in 25 patients betweenOctober, 1996 and January, 1997, both TSE and GRASE techniques. Diagnosis was normal (n=5), infarct orischemia(n=10), intracerebral hemorrhage(n=6), and neoplasm(n=4). TSE and GRASE MR images were obtained using a1.5T Gyroscan ACS-NT(Philips, Netherlands). For qualitative assessment, overall image quality, discriminationbetween cortical gray-white matter and basal ganglia-white matter, lesion conspicuity, and MR artifact wereevaluated using a subjective grading system ranging from 1 to 5(1=TSE better than GRASE, 5=GRASE better than TSE).For quantitative assessment, signal-to nosise ratios (SNRs) were calculated for cortical gray matter, whitematter, basal ganglia, and lesions, and contrast-to nosise ratios (CNRs) were calculated for cortical gray-whitematter, basal ganglia-white matter and lesions-white matter, We measured image acquisition time and RF specificabsorption rate (SAR) on TSE and GRASE. RESULTS: Qualitative assessment showed that overall image quality,discrimination between cortical gray-white matter and basal ganglia-white matter, and lesion conspicuity were notsignificantly different between the two imaging techniques. MR artifact was more frequently seen on GRASE than onTSE. Quantitative assessment showed that the SNR of each brain tissue and lesion was significantly greater on TSEimages than on GRASE. Cortical gray-white matter and basal ganglia-white matter CNRs were significantly greater onGRASE images than on TSE, but lesion-white matter CNR was not significantly different between the two techniques.Image acquisition time was 3 minute 31 second in TSE and 1 minute 12 second in GRASE. SAR was lower in GRASE thanin TSE. CONCLUSION: With regard to MR artifact, GRASE is more sensitive than TSE, but as regards image qualityand lesion distinction, the two modalities show no distinct difference. Since GRASE is superior to TSE for thedetection of hemosiderin, and image acquisition time is three times shorter using GRASE, GRASE might usefully beapplied during the evaluation by MR imaging of certain brain conditions.

Contrast Enhanced Two-Phase Spiral CT of Urinary Bladder

PURPOSE: To determine optimal scan time for the early phase of two-phase spiral CT and to evaluate its usefulness in the detection and assessment of extension of urinary bladder lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In four normal adults, we performed dynamic scanning and obtained time-density curves for internal and external iliac arteries and veins, and the wall of the urinary bladder. Sixty patients with 68 lesions of the urinary bladder or prostate underwent precontrast and two-phase spiral CT scanning. After injection of 100ml of noninonic contrast material, images for the early and delayed phases were obtained at 60 seconds and 5 minutes, respectively. We measured CT H.U. of the wall, the lesion, and lumen of urinary bladder as seen on axial scanning, in each image in which the lesion was best shown. For the detection of bladder lesions and assessment of their extension, precontrast, early-, and delayed phase images were compared. RESULTS: Dynamic study of normal adults showed maximum enhancement of bladder wall between 60 and 100 seconds. The difference of CT H.U. between bladder wall and the lesion was greatest in the early phase. The best detection rate (98.5%) was seen during this phase, and for the detection of bladder lesion, this same phase was superior or equal (66/68,97.1%) to the delayed phase. The precontrast image was also superior or equal (31/68,45.6%) to that of the delayed phase. For the assessment of extension of bladder lesion, the early phase was superior (36/68,52.9%) to the delayed phase, and precontrast image was superior (1/68, 1.5%) to that of the delayed phase. For determining the stage of bladder cancer, the early phase was most accurate if the stages was below B2 or D, while for stage C, the delayed phase was most accurate. CONCLUSION: In two-phase spiral CT scanning, we consider the optimal time for the early phase to be between 60 and 100 seconds after injection of contrast material. For the detection and assessment of extension of urinary bladder lesion, the early phase was superior to the late phase, and for evaluation of the ureter, the delayed phase was useful. The precontrast image was inferior to that of the delayed phase. We suggest that for the detection and assessment of extension of urinary bladder lesion without scanning of the precontrast image, two-phase spiral CT is reliable.

PTBD Spiral CT Cholangiography: Utility in Patients with Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the utility of PTBD spiral CT cholangiography, after infusion of contrast media through a PTBD tube, for evaluation of a biliary lesion after emergency PTBD due to severe jaundice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with emergency PTBD due to extrahepatic biliary obstruction were transferred to our clinic and prospectively studied. The causes of obstruction were 17 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (including three Klatskin's tumors), seven pancreatic head carcinomas, six calculous diseases of the common bile duct, six periampullary lesions, two ampulla of Vater carcinomas, one gall bladder carcinoma with invasion of the common hepatic duct, and one cholangitis. Diagnosis was on the basis of pathologic, radiologic, and clinical findings. Pre-contrast CT scanning was performed. After the infusion of contrast media (iothalamate : normal saline=1:10) through a PTBD tube, spiral CT scans were obtained. After IV infusion of contrast media (Ultravist, 100cc), early- and delayed-phase spiral CT scans were obtained at 45 and 210 seconds, respectively, with an interscan interval of 5mm. 3-D CT cholangiograms were then reconstituted. Spiral CT without infusion of contrast media through a PTBD tube and PTBD spiral CT cholangiography were performed in 14 cases. The level of extrahepatic biliary obstruction was categorized as either upper, middle, or lower third. In 21 surgically confirmed cases, we evaluated the accuracy with which the level and cause of obstruction was determined; levels and causes during surgery and by as seen on PTBD cholaniography were compared. RESULTS: The levels of obstruction diagnosed on PTBD spiral CT cholangiography and on 3-D CT cholangiography corresponded in all cases to the levels during surgery and on PTBD cholangiography [upper third (n=7), middle third (n=12), lower third (n=21)], and the level diagnosed on spiral CT without infusion of contrast media through a PTBD tube corresponded to the level during surgery in ten of 14 cases. The cause of obstruction diagnosed on PTBD spiral CT cholangiography corresponded to pathologic findings in 19 of 21 cases. In 15 cases, 3-D CT cholangiography was diagnostically helpful. CONCLUSION: PTBD spiral CT cholangiography is a useful diagnostic method for determining the level and cause of biliary obstruction.

Evaluation of Lateral Margin of Left Lobe of the Liver on CT Scan: Focus on Perisplenic Extension

PURPOSE: The perisplenic extension of the left lobe of the liver can be misinterpreted as a splenic or perisplenic lesion on ultrasonography(US) and computed tomography(CT). The purpose of our study is to classify thelateral margin of the left lobe of the liver into three types and to evaluate the incidence and the relationship between each type and abnormal liver on CT scan. MATERIAL & METHODS: A total of 515 abdominal CT scans frompatients over 15 years old were retrospectively evaluated. Liver contours were divided into three types on the basis of degree of the left lateral extension of left lobe of the liver. Type A was defined as the lateral extension of the left lobe of liver to the medial portion of the stomach, type C as the perisplenic portion, andtype B as between the two types. Each type was further divided into normal and abnormal liver groups based onclinical, CT, surgical & patholigic findings and evaluated on its ratio of normal and abnormal liver, intrahepatic diseases associated with an abnormal liver and statistical significance between a normal and abnormal liver. RESULTS: The incidence of the three types of liver among the 515 patients was 360(69.9%), 121(23.5%) and 34(6.6%) patients in type A, B and C, respectively. Type C showed normal liver in six patients, which was 2.7% of allnormal livers(221/515) and abnormal liver in 28 patients, which was 9.5% of all abnormal livers(294/515). Type Ashowed normal liver in 49.7%, abnormal liver in 50.3% and there was not statistically significant difference between normal and abnormal liver(P>0.05). Type B showed normal liver in 29.8% and abnormal liver in 70.2% ; type C showed normal liver in 17.6%, abnormal liver in 82.4% and there was a statistically significant difference between normal & abnormal liver(P<0.001). The space occupying lesion(SOL) was most common(52.6%) in all theabnormal livers and hepatoma was the most common disease in the SOL(47.2%). In the abnormal type C liver, SOL(58%)and diffuse hepatopathy(32.8%) were most common and hepatoma and liver cirrhosis were the most common diseases,respectively. CONCLUSION: The perisplenic extension of the left lobe of the liver(type C) was seen in 6.6% of abdominal CT scans, and was frequently associated with abnormal liver conditions including SOL. Careful interpretation is needed to differentiate from splenic or perisplenic disease.

Avacular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: MR Imaging with Histologic Correlation

PURPOSE: To correlate MR findings with histologic findings in avascular necrosis(AVN) of the femoral head. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed with 8 femoral head specimens using T1- and proton density weighted coronal SE sequences, and compared with contact radiography and histologic sections. RESULTS: In each specimen, necrotic zone in the superior portion of femoral head, repair zone located inferior to the necrotic zone, and rim adjacent to normal bone marrow could be defined. Necrotic zone showed high signal intensity on both T1- and proton density- weighted images in 3 cases which were composed of necrotic bone and marrow, and low signal intensity on both sequences in 2 cases which were composed of necrotic bone marrow with amorphous cellular debris. Mixed high and low signal intensities were seen in 3 cases. The repair zone showed low signal intensity on Tl-weighted image and high signal intenisty on proton density weighted image in 5 cases which were composed of thickened trabecular bone and meSenchymal tissue and also showed intermediate signal intensity on T1 weighted image and high signal intensity on proton density weighted image in 3 cases which were composed of osteoid, chondroid and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Rim shown as the low signal intensity on T1 weighted image in all cases was corresponded to viable thickened trabecular bone. CONCLUSION: MR imaging would be the best modality in the diagnosis of avascular necrosis of fernoral head and when used in conjuction with degree and location of signal intensity, the prediction of histologic finding may be possible.

Mercuric Chloride-Induced Acute Tubular Necrosis in the Rabbits: Gd-DTPA Enhanced Dynamic IVIR Imaging

PURPOSE: To evaluate potential usefulness of dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI in the diagnosis of HgCI2 induced acute tubular necrosis of rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen rabbits were used as control group, and 14 rabbits and 12 rabbits were used as acute tubular necrosis groups of 24 hours and 48 hours after HgCI2 injection, respectively. Sequential dynamic MR imagings were acquired using Gd-DTPA(0.25mmol/kg), and time-signal intensity curves were obtained from cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla. RESULTS: In control group, a dark band, which reflects concentrated Gd-DTPA, migrated from cortex to inner medulla of the kidney, and the ratio of the signal intensity of post Gd-DTPA injection to the signal intensity of pre Gd-DTPA injection(RSI) decreased below 1 at 13sec and 26sec (mean:17 +/- 6.2sec) in cortex, at 52sec (mean :52sec) in outer medulla, and after 117sec(mean :112 +/- 33.9sec) in inner medulla of the kidney. In acute tubular necrosis group of 24 hours after HgCI2 injection, the dark band did not appear and signal intensity in cortex and medulla increased diffusely, and RSI increased above 1 in all locations. In acute tubular necrosis group of 48 hours after HgCI2 injection, the dark band appeared only in the cortex and no sign of migration was observed, and RSI is little changed except in cortex at 13sec(0.76 +/- 0.05) and 26sec(0.86 +/- 0.06). There were statistically significant differences in the time-RSI curves among cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla in study groups, respectively (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI of the kidney could be utilized to evaluate both renal structure and functional changes.

Dynamic MR Imaging of Hepatic Hemangioma and Hepatocellular: Findings and Differential Diagnosis

PURPOSE: We performed dynamic MR imaging using GdDTPA to find characteristic enhancement pattern of hepatic hemangioma distinguishing from hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 28 hepatic hemangiomas and 10 hepatocellular carcinomas were evaluated. Serial dynamic scans after Gd-DTPA(0.1mmol/kg) intravenous injection were obtained by using 0.5T machine and analyzed contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR) of the lesion and enhancement pattern on each scan. RESULTS: Hepatic hemangiomas had positive CNR from 1-2 minute images, and revealed typical "fill-in phenomenon" on early phase with prolonged enhancement in 26 cases(92.8%), and early homogeneous enhancement with isointensity on delayed phase in 2 cases(7.2%) of small hemangiome~ Hepatocellular carcinomas revealed inhomogeneous enhancement with hypointensity on delayed phase in 10 cases(100%) and 3 cases (30%) of capsular enhancement. CONCLUSION: Hepatic hemangioma can be easily distinguished from hepatocellular carcinoma by using Gd DTPA enhanced dynamic MR imaging according to its typical enhancement pattern of "fill-in phenomenon" and prolonged enhancement.

Plain chest film findings of staphylococcal pneumonia in children

No abstract available.

A case of the vein of Galen malformation

The vein of Galen malformation is a rare midline intracranial arteriovenous malformation. The majority of themalformations were seen in neonate, infancy and childhood, and the clinical symptoms and prognosis depended on ageof presentation. The authors report a case of the vein of Galen malformation in 17 month-old female withhydrocephalus, which is confirmed by CT and digital subtraction angiography.

Plain film analysis of acetabular fracture

Acetabular fracture can result in severe limitation of the motion of the hip joint, which supports totalweight of human body. Beause of different methods of surgical approach a ccording to fracture type, preciseinterpretation of X-ray films of acetabular fracture is required. We reviewed 38 cases of simple X-ray filmsshowing acetabular fracture. The results were as follows: 1. Almomst 60% of the cases-were in their 2nd and 3rddecades. 2. Twenty cases were male, and 18 cases were female. 3. The most common cause of the injury was trafficaccident(33 cases, 86.8%), followed by fall down (4 ases, 10.5%) and slip down(1 case, 2.7%). 4. Elementaryfractures were 21 cases(55.3%) and associated fractures were 17 cases(44.7%). 5. Among elementary fractures,posterior wall fractures were 9 cases(23.7%), followed by anterior column fractures(8 ases, 21.1%), anterior wallfractures(4 cases, 10.5%). 6. Among associated fractures, T-shaped fractures were 8 cases(21.1%), followed by bothcolumn fractures(6 cases, 15.8%), anterior and hemitransverse fractures(3 cases, 7.8%). 7. Other pelvic bonefractures associated with the acetabular fracture were as follows: farcture of contralateral pubic rami(6 ases,15.8%) contralateral iliac bone (1 case, 2.6%) and ipsilateral iliac bone (1 case, 2.6%). 8. Injuries of otherorgans adjacent to the acetabulum were as follows: rupture of the bladder (3 cases, 7.9%), urethra(2 cases, 5.3%)and uterus (1 cases, 2.6%).

Primary Hyperparathyroidism by Parathyroid Gland Adenoma (Report of 2 cases with Review of the Literature)

The primary hyperparathyroidism is a complex endocrine disease caused by neoplasm or diffuse hyperplasia of parathyroid gland in which excessive paratyroid hormon is secreted. This results in chemical abnormalities of serum, and exerts major influences on the bone, kidney and gastrointestinal tract. The authors report 2 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism with review of the literature.

Percutaneous hepatic arterial catheterization for infusion chemotherapy in treatment of primary hepatoma

Chemotherapy offers palliative treatment to patient with advanced nonresectable hepatoma. The usefulness of systemic chemotherapy is limited becaused of serious side reaction and low concentration of drug at tumor. Butthis problem may be overcome by intraarterial infusion. Nonsurgical percutaneous hepatic arteiral catheterizationwas done in 21 patients with primary hepatoma, and infusion chemotherapy was done in 19 patients who were successful in catherization. The results were as follows; 1. Selective catheterization of hepatic artery proper,common hepatic artery, and celiac artery were seccessful in 4, 9 and 4 patients, respectively. The success rate ofselective catheterization is 80.9% including celiac artery among 21 patients with hepatoma. 2. Simple catherization method was applied in 14 patients, and catheter exchange and Loop methods were applied in 2 and 1patient respectively. 3. Complications related to catheterization, such as infection and bleeding on punctured site, intimal injury and dislodgement of catheter were not serious. 4. Drugs were well tolerated without serioustoxicity or complication. 5. 3 patients showed objective response and median survival time of treated patients is 2.5 months.