RÉSUMÉ
The land use systems selected for study were rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), legume based cropping system (LBCS), and vegetable based cropping system (VBCS). Plantation land (mango, aonla and bael orchard), forest land (shisham, teak and eucalyptus) and barren land (NSP-6 farm). Soil samples were taken with GPS system from four depths viz. 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60cm in order to analyze microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes). The bacterial population (cfu × 105 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was decreased with increasing soil depth, which ranged from 2.76 to 4.95 cfu × 105 g-1 soil. The average bacterial population values were higher in forest land followed by plantation land, crop land and barren land. The fungi population (cfu × 103 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was, also, decreased with increasing soil depth at all land use system and ranged from 0.85 to 1.77 cfu × 103 g-1 soil. The average fungi population values were higher in forest land followed by crop land, plantation land and barren land. The actinomycetes population (cfu × 104 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was decreased with increasing soil depth at all land use system. The population varied from 0.57 to 1.02 cfu × 104 g-1 soil. The average actinomycetes population values were higher in forest land followed by plantation land, crop land and barren land.
RÉSUMÉ
Soilless culture, a modern greenhouse cultivation technology, has rapidly developed in the past 30-40 years and offers a closed-loop system with several benefits, including the recycling of 85-90 percent of irrigation water. As the world population continues to grow at a rate of over 1%, the reduction in land availability per capita for soil-based agriculture has become a major problem, particularly in countries like India with a high population density. Soilless farming offers a viable alternative for growing high-quality vegetables, fruits, and flowers year-round on a variety of substrates, requiring limited space. This approach also aims to eradicate greenhouse soil-related problems such as soil-borne infections, poor soil fertility, and salinity. With several advantages over traditional soil crops, including shorter growth times, year-round production, and fewer diseases and pests, soilless farming comprises various methods such as hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics. The technique has the potential to improve people's lives and boost economic growth by encouraging innovative businesses to engage in agriculture. Therefore, soilless farming has gained traction as an innovative solution to address land scarcity issues while producing high-quality crops sustainably.
RÉSUMÉ
The impact of biotechnology on mango enhancement, particularly through genetic engineering and molecular markers, has been significant. Biotechnology has revolutionized the field of agriculture, offering innovative tools and techniques for improving crop traits. In the case of mangoes, genetic engineering involves the manipulation of the organism's DNA to introduce or modify specific genes, targeting traits such as disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. This approach has led to the development of mango varieties with enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, improved flavour and aroma, and increased productivity. Similarly, marker-assisted selection (MAS) utilizes molecular markers to identify and select plants with desired traits, bypassing the need for time-consuming and costly phenotypic evaluations. MAS has accelerated breeding programs, enabling the development of superior mango cultivars with desired traits. By exploring the impact of genetic engineering and molecular markers in mango improvement, we gain insights into their potential to address key challenges in mango cultivation and meet consumer demands.