Résumé
Introduction: Recent studies suggest that glucocorticoids modulate memory reconsolidation. Moreover, cholinergic system is involved in memory reconsolidation. Since glucocorticoids interact with brain cholinergic system in modulating memory processing, we investigated whether glucocorticoid influences on the reconsolidation of emotionally arousing training depend on the cholinergic system
Methods: Mice were trained [1mA, 3s footshock] in an inhibitory avoidance task. Forty-eight hours after training, memory reactivation was occurred [Test 1], and different treatments were given. Two [Test 2], five [Test 3], and seven days [Test 4] after memory reactivation [Test 1], animals were retested for fear memory retention
Results: In the first experiment, we observed that administration of corticosterone [CORT, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg] following memory reactivation impaired subsequent expression of memory in a dose-dependent manner. In the second experiment, we found that CORT-induced impairment of memory reconsolidation was reversed by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine [0.5 and 2 mg/kg]. In the third experiment, the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecaylamine [0.5 or 2 mg/kg] was not able to block the corticosterone response
Discussion: These findings indicate that glucocorticoids impair memory reconsolidation by a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism
Résumé
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability of proliferation, regeneration, conversion to differentiated cells and producing various tissues. Stem cells are divided into two categories of embryonic and adult. In another categorization stem cells are divided to Totipotent, Multipotent and Unipotent cells. So far usage of stem cells in treatment of various blood diseases has been studied [such as lymphoblastic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, thalassemia, multiple myeloma and cycle cell anemia]. In this paper the goal is evaluation of cell therapy in treatment of Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer, Stroke, Spinal Cord Injury, Multiple Sclerosis, Radiation Induced Intestinal Injury, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Liver Disease, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Diabetes, Heart Disease, Bone Disease, Renal Disease, Chronic Wounds, Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Sepsis and Respiratory diseases. It should be mentioned that some disease that are the target of cell therapy are discussed in this article