The Effect of a Preoperative Patient-Controlled Analgesia Education Program on Postoperative Pain Control in Older Patients with Spine Surgery / 임상간호연구

Purpose@#This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of preoperative patient-controlled analgesia(PCA) education program on older patients with spine surgery. @*Methods@#A quasi-experimental research with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was conducted to investigate the impact of a PCA education program before surgery on postoperative pain, pain knowledge and attitudes, and frequency of additional analgesic use. The sample size for experimental and control group was 55 respectively. @*Results@#The experimental group, which underwent the PCA education program, had lower postoperative pain scores compared to the control group. Furthermore, the experimental group exhibited a higher level of knowledge on PCA (p<.001) and more positive attitudes toward analgesic use (p<.001). While there was a significant difference in the use of opioid analgesics for additional pain relief between two groups (p<.001), there was no significant difference in the use of non-opioid analgesics. @*Conclusion@#The implementation of the PCA education program was found to increase knowledge and positive attitudes on the use of PCA. Moreover, it significantly alleviated pain, particularly during physical activity, within initial 48 hours after spinal surgey in older patients. Therefore, the findings of this study supported that the PCA education program could be used as a preoperative intervention to alleviate postoperative pain for older patients with spinal surgery.

The Factors Influencing Neurological Outcome of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest with Cardiac Etiology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors associated with neurological outcome and to provide ideas for improving the operation of the emergency medical system in Korea. METHODS: A total of 95,911 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) with cardiac etiology who were transported by 119 EMS ambulances for seven years from 2006 to 2012 in Korea were analyzed. According to these data there is a multilevel structure, so that patient's neurological outcome in the same region is not independent but interrelated, therefore two-level (patient-region) logistic regression analysis was applied to adjust this correlation. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (OR) in the group in which Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) was performed by a bystander was 1.27 for good neurological outcome. The adjusted OR in the group with implementation of an automated external defibrillator (AED) before arrival at the hospital was 4.11 for good neurological outcome. The adjusted OR in the numbers of emergency physicians compared with <3 was 2.76 (3-4), 4.24 (≥5) and the adjusted OR in OHCAs volume of each hospital compared with <50 was 2.31 (50-64), 2.51 (65-102), and 2.94 (≥103). The adjusted OR in deprivation level compared with <2 was 0.72 (≥2). CONCLUSION: The neurological outcome was significantly better in the group in which CPR was performed by a bystander and AED was applied early. The neurological outcome tended to be significantly better in hospitals with higher numbers of emergency physicians and higher volume of OHCAs, in less deprived districts.