Résumé
Background@#Smartphone use patterns may predict daily life efficacy and performance improvements in sports. Additionally, personal characteristics may be associated with smartphone overuse. @*Methods@#We investigated the correlation between the temperament and character inventory (TCI) and academic performance using smartphone log data. We hypothesized that the elite and general groups, divided based on academic performance, differed according to the TCI and downloadable smartphone apps (applications). Additionally, we hypothesized a correlation between smartphone app usage patterns and TCI. A total of 151 students provided smartphone log data of the previous four weeks. They also completed the TCI and provided academic records of the previous year. @*Results@#The first and second most frequently used apps by both groups of students were social networking and entertainment, respectively. Elite students scored higher on novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and self-transcendence than general students. In all participants, the usage time of serious apps was correlated with the scores for novelty seeking (r = 0.32, P < 0.007), reward dependence (r = 0.32, P < 0.007), and self-transcendence (r = 0.35, P < 0.006). In the elite group, the usage time of serious apps was correlated with the scores for novelty seeking (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), reward dependence (r = 0.39, P = 0.022), and self-transcendence (r = 0.35, P = 0.031). In the general group, the usage time of serious apps was correlated only with self-transcendence (r = 0.32, P < 0.007). @*Conclusion@#High usage time of serious apps can help sports majors to excel academically. Particularly among sports majors, serious apps are related to activity, the desire for rewards and recognition, and the tendency to transcend themselves.
Résumé
BACKGROUND: Many studies to reduce serum lipoprotein(a) are done because serum lipoprotein(a) has been known to be an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease along with age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Till now, oral estrogen/androgen therapy, niacin analogue and plasmapheresis are known therapeutic methods. This study examined the relative effects of three antihyperlipidemic agents, acipimox, lovastatin, fenofibrate. METHODS: Among 70 subjects (male-19, female-51) with their serum cholesterol level of more than 240mg/dL, 56 subjects who were completed 2 months antihyperlipidemic treatment (acipimox-20, lovastatin-18, fenofibrate-18) were examined for baseline total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein(a) and were followed up 2 months later. RESULTS: Mean values of each group for acipimox, lovastatin, fenofibrate were as follows: total cholesterol (268.1+/-19.03, 287.1+/-36.42, 268.9+/-25.99), HDL cholesterol (43.5+/-10.99, 42.7+/-11.88, 37.9+/-8.20), triglyceride (226.1+/-165.03, 260.4+/-175.98, 234.3+/-124.33), LDL cholesterol (179.3+/-30.40, 192.3+/-41.52, 184.1+/-38.08), lipoprotein(a) (26.2+/-15.32,34.8+/-18.56,29.9+/-12.58). Mean percentile reduction of lipoprotein(a) was acipimox-41.4%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-22.2%(P<0.0001), fenofibrate-16.1%(P<0.05), and p value was less than 0.05 in the comparison of groups. Lipoprotein(a) showed no relations with age, sex, BMI, WHR, smoking, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol. After 2 months treatment, mean reduction percentages of total cholesterol was acipimox-12.2%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-17.6%(P<0.0001), fenofibrate-8.85%(P<0.05). LDL cholesterol was acipimox-16.12%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-22.89%(P<0.0001), fenofibrate-12.06% (P<0.05). Triglyceride was acipimox-17.24%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-17.39%(P<0.0001), fenofibrate-9,78%(P<0.05). HDL cholesterol was elevated in acipimox-17.24%(P<0.05), lovastatin-16.10%(P<0.05) and fenofibrate-12.06(P<0.05). In total cholesterol(P<0.05) and LDL cholesterol(P<0.05), there were significant differences among 3 groups, but not in HDLcholesterol and triglycerides. CONCLUSION: In two months treatment of acipimox, lovastatin and fenofibrate in hyperlipidemic patients, lipoprotein(a), known for independent risk factor of coronary artery disease, was reduced significantly in the order of acipimox, lovastatin and fenofibrate.