Hormone Therapy in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic:A Review

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the medical, social, and reproductive health of millions of people since its outbreak. The causative virus transmits, reproduces, and manifests through the respiratory tract. COVID-19 can invade any system of the body, including the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, through a secondary immune response. In particular, because the fatality rate is high in those over the age of 50 years, special attention is required during the medical care of this population. However, considering the benefit of therapy and the risk of COVID-19, high-quality evidence regarding individualized management in relation to hormone therapy is still insufficient in the field of gynecology. Furthermore, this review aims to serve as a reference for clinical application by analyzing and summarizing the results of studies reported to date regarding female hormone therapy in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Serum cholesterol changes by duration of GnRH-agonist therapy in premenopausal women with breast cancer

Objectives@#Ovarian suppression using Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-agonist in premenopausal women with breast cancer has been known to improve disease-free survival and overall survival. However, long-term effect of ovarian suppression on lipid metabolism has not been studied yet. In this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to investigate cholesterol changes during medical ovarian suppression. @*Methods@#and Materials: We reviewed medical records and blood test results of 152 women who have been diagnosed as breast cancer and started GnRH-agonist every 12 weeks therapy for more than 24 weeks in Asan Medical Center between 2018.1.1 and 2020.12.31. Patients who had previously diagnosed dyslipidemia or diabetes, or newly received lipid-lowering agents during study period were excluded from the cohort. Age at diagnosis and preoperative Body Mass Index (BMI) were investigated as baseline demographics. Generalized additive mixed model was applied to analyze the relationship between duration of GnRH-agonist and cholesterol changes. @*Results@#The age was distributed as 42.5±5.2 years old (mean±SD), and preoperative BMI was 23.0±3.6 kg/m2 (mean±SD). Duration of GnRH agonist therapy ranged from 5.6 to 37.7 months, with mean of 19.3. Total cholesterol was 171 mg/dL before starting GnRH-agonist, whereas 181 mg/dL on last check, which was significantly higher than initial value (p=0.03). Duration of GnRH-agonist did not affect total cholesterol level until 19.3 months, while significantly increased by 1.8 mg/dL for each month thereafter (p=0.011). There was no significant effect of age, preoperative BMI and GFR on total cholesterol. @*Conclusion@#While long-term use of GnRH-agonist is applied, patients should be monitored for dyslipidemia after 19 months of treatment and lipid-lowering agents may be considered especially when indicated.

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using a Nerve Conduit with Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in a Rat Model

BACKGROUND@#Autologous nerve grafts are the gold standard treatment for peripheral nerve injury treatment. However, this procedure cannot avoid sacrificing other nerves as a major limitation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) embedded in a nerve conduit. @*METHODS@#A 10-mm segment of the sciatic nerve was resected in 21 rats, and the nerve injury was repaired with one of the following (n = 7 per group): autologous nerve graft, poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) conduit and OECs, and PCL conduit only. The consequent effect on nerve regeneration was measured based on the nerve conduction velocity (NCV), amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (ACMAP), wet muscle weight, histomorphometric analysis, and nerve density quantification. @*RESULTS@#Histomorphometric analysis revealed nerve regeneration and angiogenesis in all groups. However, there were significant differences (p  0.05). No significant results in NCV, wet muscle weight, and nerve density quantification were observed among the 3 groups. @*CONCLUSION@#A PCL conduit with OECs enhances the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves, offering a good alternative to autologous nerve grafts.

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using a Nerve Conduit with Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in a Rat Model

BACKGROUND@#Autologous nerve grafts are the gold standard treatment for peripheral nerve injury treatment. However, this procedure cannot avoid sacrificing other nerves as a major limitation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) embedded in a nerve conduit. @*METHODS@#A 10-mm segment of the sciatic nerve was resected in 21 rats, and the nerve injury was repaired with one of the following (n = 7 per group): autologous nerve graft, poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) conduit and OECs, and PCL conduit only. The consequent effect on nerve regeneration was measured based on the nerve conduction velocity (NCV), amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (ACMAP), wet muscle weight, histomorphometric analysis, and nerve density quantification. @*RESULTS@#Histomorphometric analysis revealed nerve regeneration and angiogenesis in all groups. However, there were significant differences (p  0.05). No significant results in NCV, wet muscle weight, and nerve density quantification were observed among the 3 groups. @*CONCLUSION@#A PCL conduit with OECs enhances the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves, offering a good alternative to autologous nerve grafts.

Mid-Term Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Far Anteromedial Portal Technique

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mid-term outcomes of anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using two anteromedial (AM) portals by comparing with short-term follow-up results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients who were treated by ACL reconstruction using a two AM portal technique were evaluated retrospectively. The follow-up period was at least 5 years. The mean follow-up period was 68.5±13.9 months. The mid-term clinical outcomes were compared with short-term (≥12 months) results. For the assessment of knee stability, anterior tibial translation was evaluated using the Lachman test and the KT-2000. Rotational stability was evaluated using pivot shift test. For clinical assessment, the Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores were used. RESULTS: The average anterior translation was 2.1±1.4 mm at the short-term follow-up and 2.8±1.8 mm at the mid-term follow-up. Stability and midterm clinical outcomes were not significantly improved compared to the short-term follow-up results. At the mid-term follow-up, anteroposterior (AP) instability assessed by the KT-2000 was slightly increased, but still acceptable. On the other clinical physical evaluation, there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term and mid-term outcomes of ACL reconstruction using the two AM portal technique were not significantly different except for AP stability although the value was less than 3 mm at both follow-ups. Therefore, this operative technique could be considered a satisfactory alternative for ACL reconstruction.

Erratum: Author correction

The Editorial Office of Obstet Gynecol Sci would like to correct the author list.

Diagnostic Efficacy of the Modified Alvarado Score for Acute Appendicitis in Pregnant Women

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate whether the modified Alvarado score-which is currently being used to diagnose acute appendicitis-can be applicable in the diagnosis of diseases in pregnant women. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 252 pregnant women who visited our emergency department (ED) with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and a suspicion of acute appendicitis, and ultimately underwent appendix ultrasonography or appendix magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The modified Alvarado score was calculated for each pregnant woman. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn for each subject, those in the first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester, from which the best cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity were induced. RESULTS: For all 252 pregnant women who visited our ED, the area under the curve was 0.742 (p<0.001), with sensitivity and specificity of 75.41% and 62.30%, respectively, when using the value of 5 as the cut-off point for the modified Alvarado score. The area under the curve was 0.811 (p<0.001) for those in their first trimester and 0.749 (p<0.001) for those in the second trimester, while it was 0.641, with the p-value of 0.109, for those in the third trimester. CONCLUSION: There is a limitation using the modified Alvarado score alone in pregnant woman, and if there is uncertainty in the diagnosis, other imaging studies, such as appendix ultrasonography or appendix MRI, should be considered.

Appropriateness of Glasgow-Blatchford Scoring System in Early Prediction of High Risk Group for Old Age Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Patients Visiting Emergency Department

PURPOSE: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is one of the most common causes of emergency department (ED) presentation which can lead to a fatal condition. Many clinical scoring systems intended to predict the prognosis of UGIB patients were developed and validated, including Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) and Rockall score (RS). In particular, GBS has shown its superiority in prediction of mortality, the necessity of endoscopic intervention and admission, compared with other scoring systems, in recent studies. However, GBS does not include the age of the patient as its component and has clearly shown its efficacy only in subjects under age 70. Hence, we aimed to assess whether GBS could also be used in old age UGIB patients as a useful risk stratifying method as in younger age. METHODS: UGIB patients who visited our ED for one year were retrospectively enrolled in the analysis. Medical records of the subjects were reviewed, and their GBS and clinical RS were calculated. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve of each score in prediction of high risk UGIB was drawn and area under curve (AUC) was calculated. Correlation analysis of each score and hospital length of stay was also performed. To assess the validity of each score for use in old age patients, all analyses were also performed in subgroups of age over 60 years, and under that. RESULTS: ROC curves suggest that GBS has significant detecting power for high risk UGIB in overall subjects, subgroups of age over 60 and under (p=<0.001 for all, AUC=0.919, 0.935, 0.901, respectively). Otherwise, clinical RS only showed significant results in overall group and subgroup of age over 60 with lower AUC. CONCLUSION: GBS may also be used safely as an initial risk stratifying method in old age UGIB patients visiting the ED, as in other age groups.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Length of Hospital Stay in Geriatric Patients Transferred from Long-term Care Hospitals

PURPOSE: The number of geriatric patients transferred from long-term care hospitals to emergency department (ED) is increasing because the number of long-term care hospitals has increased significantly in recent years. Only a few studies showing the characteristics of geriatric patients transferred from long-term care hospitals to ED have been reported. We assessed factors affecting length of hospital stay in geriatric non-trauma patients transferred from long-term care hospital to ED. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of the medical records of 143 patients who were transferred from long-term care hospital to ED. Admitted patients were classified according to two groups (general ward group and intensive care unit group). Univariate analyses were performed relating initial vital signs and laboratory methods for prediction of the length of hospital stay. Cox proportional hazard analysis was then derived, with all variables in the final model significant at p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 189 patients were enrolled in the study. Results of univariate analysis for Glasgow Coma Scale, heart rate, oxygen saturation, white blood cell count, segmented granulocyte percent, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were significant. In multivariate analysis results for oxygen saturation (p=0.014, hazard ratio=1.065) and segmented granulocyte percent (p=0.025, hazard ratio=0.975) were significant. CONCLUSION: Higher oxygen saturation and lower segmented granulocyte percent are independent factors leading to earlier discharge from the hospital in geriatric non-trauma patients transferred from long-term care hospitals.

Prediction of Complicated Acute Cholecystitis During Emergency Department Stay

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with complicated acute cholecystitis of initial clinical findings during an emergency department (ED) visit, and to use them as a guideline for consideration of early and active surgical intervention, to improve the prognosis of acute cholecystitis. METHODS: Medical records of adult patients diagnosed and treated in the ED as acute cholecystitis were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical findings including demographic data, past medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results were included in the analysis. A case associated with gall bladder empyema, gangrene, perforation, hydrops, or failure of initial laparoscopic approach was defined as complicated acute cholecystitis. Factors showing significance in univariate analyses were included in binary logistic regression analysis for prediction of complicated acute cholecystitis. RESULTS: Age, sex, hypertension history, anorexia, body temperature, white blood cell count (WBC), aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, total bilirubin, amylase, and lipase were significant in univariate analyses, and included in multivariate analysis. Age (p=0.039), male sex (p=0.004), and WBC (p=0.019) were significant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Age, sex, and initial WBC of patients diagnosed and treated in the ED as acute cholecystitis were independently associated with complicated acute cholecystitis.

Type 2 Superior Labral Anterior to Posterior Lesion-Related Paralabral Cyst Causing Isolated Infraspinatus Paralysis: Two Case Reports

Type 2 superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion is a common cause of shoulder pain requiring surgical operation. SLAP tears are often associated with paralabral cysts, but they rarely cause nerve compression. However, we experienced two cases of type 2 SLAP-related paralabral cysts at the spinoglenoid notch which were confirmed as isolated nerve entrapment of the infraspinatus branch of the suprascapular nerve by electrodiagnostic assessment and magnetic resonance imaging. In these pathological conditions, comprehensive electrodiagnostic evaluation is warranted for confirmation of neuropathy, while surgical decompression of the paralabral cyst combined with SLAP repair is recommended.

Observation of Emergency Department Adult Patient Presenting Primary Symptoms of Upper Digestive Tract Oreign Body Ingestion

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to search for factors which can help in deciding on proper treatment for patients who visit the Emergency department (ED) with symptoms of foreign body ingestion. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of medical records of ED patients with primary symptoms of foreign body ingestion. The patients' demographic data, elapsed time since the ingestion, type of foreign body, symptoms, and the method of removal were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for analysis of whether these factors can be used to decide on proper treatment. RESULTS: Among 321 patients, a foreign body was removed successfully in 285 patients and the foreign body was not found in the remaining 36 patients. Of the successfully treated cases, 76 were removed grossly, 133 were removed using a laryngoscope, 74 were removed with endoscopy, and 2 were removed spontaneously. Comparing the group in which a foreign body was found and the other group, there was a significant difference in elapsed time since the onset of symptoms (p=0.013) and the type of foreign body (p=0.001). There was no significant reliable factor which can predict the existence of a foreign body. CONCLUSION: There was no significant factor which can predict the existence of a foreign body. Considering that the foreign body was found in most suspected patients, and that numerous patients in which a foreign body was not found had shown signs of complications due to foreign body, constructive treatment should be advocated.

A Comparison of Three Methods for Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic shoulder operations (ASS) are often associated with severe postoperative pain. Nerve blocks have been studied for pain in shoulder surgeries. Interscalene brachial plexus blocks (ISB) and an intra-articular injection (IA) have been reported in many studies. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of ISB, a continuous cervical epidural block (CCE) and IA as a means of postoperative pain control and to study the influence of these procedures on postoperative analgesic consumption and after ASS. METHODS: Fifty seven patients who underwent ASS under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the ISB group (n = 19), the CCE group (n = 19), and the IA group (n = 19). Patients in each group were evaluated on a postoperative numerical rating scale (NRS), their rescue opioid dosage (ROD), and side effects. RESULTS: Postoperative NRSs were found to be higher in the IA group than in the ISB and CCE groups both at rest and on movement. The ROD were 1.6 +/- 2.3, 3.0 +/- 4.9 and 7.1 +/- 7.9 mg morphine equivalent dose in groups CCE, ISB, and IA groups (P = 0.001), respectively, and statistically significant differences were noted between the CCE and IA groups (P = 0.01) but not in between the ISB and CCE groups. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective, randomized study demonstrated that ISB is as effective analgesic technique as a CCE for postoperative pain control in patients undergoing ASS.

The Factors Affecting the Precaution and Request of Medical Direction for Prehospital Emergency Treatment of Major Trauma Patients by 119 Rescue Services

PURPOSE: This study examined the factors affecting the precaution and request of medical direction for prehospital emergency treatment of major trauma patients by 119 rescue services. METHODS: Medical records and prehospital run reports of major trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) above 15 were reviewed. In total, 123 patients who were transferred by 119 rescue services to the Emergency Department of one hospital from December 1, 2010 to February 28, 2013 were enrolled. A total of 123 patients with major trauma satisfied the ISS criterion. Excluding 26 patients with missing data, 97 patients were included in this study. Out of these 97 patients, 72 patients were male and the mean age was 46+/-16.1 years. The statistical methods used in the analysis were the Receiver-Operating Characteristic curve and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Between the hospital precaution group and non-precaution group, the only significant difference was in the RTS score (p=0.007). In total, 52 patients (39 male patients; mean age 49.52+/-16.14 years) with major trauma were transferred during the medical direction period. Between groups that requested medical direction and groups that did not, the only significant difference was the time interval from the call to hospital arrival (p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Within the variables we examined, transport of major trauma patients, in addition to low incidence of precaution and request for medical direction by 119 rescue services, only a few were considered.

The Factors Affecting the Precaution and Request of Medical Direction for Prehospital Emergency Treatment of Major Trauma Patients by 119 Rescue Services

PURPOSE: This study examined the factors affecting the precaution and request of medical direction for prehospital emergency treatment of major trauma patients by 119 rescue services. METHODS: Medical records and prehospital run reports of major trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) above 15 were reviewed. In total, 123 patients who were transferred by 119 rescue services to the Emergency Department of one hospital from December 1, 2010 to February 28, 2013 were enrolled. A total of 123 patients with major trauma satisfied the ISS criterion. Excluding 26 patients with missing data, 97 patients were included in this study. Out of these 97 patients, 72 patients were male and the mean age was 46+/-16.1 years. The statistical methods used in the analysis were the Receiver-Operating Characteristic curve and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Between the hospital precaution group and non-precaution group, the only significant difference was in the RTS score (p=0.007). In total, 52 patients (39 male patients; mean age 49.52+/-16.14 years) with major trauma were transferred during the medical direction period. Between groups that requested medical direction and groups that did not, the only significant difference was the time interval from the call to hospital arrival (p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Within the variables we examined, transport of major trauma patients, in addition to low incidence of precaution and request for medical direction by 119 rescue services, only a few were considered.

Predictors for the Failure of Expectant Management for the Spontaneous Passage of Ureteral Calculi

PURPOSE: Ureteral calculi are commonly encountered in the emergency department. Ureteral calculi influence the quality of life of patients, causing pain and economic burden. The optimal management of ureteral calculi remains a challenge for practicing physicians; therefore, this study was designed to determine which factors are related to the failure of their spontaneous passage. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of the medical records of one hundred ninety-five patients who visited the emergency department complaining of renal colic from February 2012 to December 2012. Bivariate analyses were conducted relating physical, laboratory, and radiological methods to predict the failure of spontaneous passage. A multivariate logistic regression model was then derived, with all variables in the final model significant at p<0.05. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-eight stones were spontaneously expelled and sixty-seven were not. The mean stone size was significantly larger in the non-passage group than the passage group (p<0.001). When the stones were located in the upper ureter, or on the right side, the spontaneous passage rate was lower (p<0.001, p=0.035). Increased neutrophils and positive tests for urinary protein and bilirubin were also associated with the decreased likelihood of spontaneous passage (p=0.046, p=0.029, and p=0.048, respectively). In addition, the longer duration of symptoms and a previous history of ureteral calculi were related to a lower chance of spontaneous passage (p=0.005, p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Prognostic factors of failure, after the initial expectant management of ureteral calculi, included: calculi size, location (e.g., side), the duration of symptoms, the previous history, neutrophil levels, urinary bilirubin levels, and urinary protein levels. Therefore, emergency physicians need to cautiously decide between watchful waiting and interventions in these patients.

Multivariate Analysis of Predictive Factors for the Severity in Stable Patients with Severe Injury Mechanism

PURPOSE: For determining the prognosis of critically injured patients, transporting patients to medical facilities capable of providing proper assessment and management, running rapid assessment and making rapid decisions, and providing aggressive resuscitation is vital. Considering the high mortality and morbidity rates in critically injured patients, various studies have been conducted in efforts to reduce those rates. However, studies related to diagnostic factors for predicting severity in critically injured patients are still lacking. Furthermore, patients showing stable vital signs and alert mental status, who are injured via a severe trauma mechanism, may be at a risk of not receiving rapid assessment and management. Thus, this study investigates diagnostic factors, including physical examination and laboratory results, that may help predict severity in trauma patients injured via a severe trauma mechanism, but showing stable vital signs. METHODS: From March 2010 to December 2011, all trauma patients who fit into a diagnostic category that activated a major trauma team in CHA Bundang Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. The retrospective analysis was based on prospective medical records completed at the time of arrival in the emergency department and on sequential laboratory test results. PASW statistics 18(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. Patients with relatively stable vital signs and alert mental status were selected based on a revised trauma score of more than 7 points. The final diagnosis of major trauma was made based on an injury severity score of greater than 16 points. Diagnostic variables include systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, glasgow coma scale, initial result from focused abdominal sonography for trauma, and laboratory results from blood tests and urine analyses. To confirm the true significance of the measured values, we applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one sample test and the Shapiro-Wilk test. When significance was confirmed, the Student's t-test was used for comparison; when significance was not confirmed, the Mann-Whitney u-test was used. The results of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) and factors of urine analysis were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Variables with statistical significance were selected as prognostics factors, and they were analyzed using a multivariate logistics regression model. RESULTS: A total of 269 patients activated the major trauma team. Excluding 91 patients who scored a revised trauma score of less than 7 points, 178 patients were subdivided by injury severity score to determine the final major trauma patients. Twenty-one(21) patients from 106 major trauma patients and 9 patients from 72 minor trauma patients were also excluded due to missing medical records or untested blood and urine analysis. The investigated variables with p-values less than 0.05 include the glasgow coma scale, respiratory rate, white blood cell count (WBC), serum AST and ALT, serum creatinine, blood in spot urine, and protein in spot urine. These variables could, thus, be prognostic factors in major trauma patients. A multivariate logistics regression analysis on those 8 variables showed the respiratory rate (p=0.034), WBC (p=0.005) and blood in spot urine (p=0.041) to be independent prognostic factors for predicting the clinical course of major trauma patients. CONCLUSION: In trauma patients injured via a severe trauma mechanism, but showing stable vital signs and alert mental status, the respiratory rate, WBC count and blood in the urine can be used as predictable factors for severity. Using those laboratory results, rapid assessment of major trauma patients may shorten the time to diagnosis and the time for management.

Intramuscular Schwannoma Arising from the Gluteus Maximus Muscle: A Case Report

Intramuscular schwannomma is unusual and rare cases were reported in the literature in the gluteus maximus muscle. We present a case of an intramuscular schwannoma arising from the gluteus maximus muscle in a sixty-five-year-old woman. An oval in shape and well encapsulated tumor was found embedded with the gluteus maximus muscle, and then the lesion was excised surgically. Two years following excision of the lesion, the patient remained asymptomatic, with no evidence of local recurrence.

The Prognostic Abilities of Severity Scoring Systems for Patients with Septic Shock

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to validate abbreviated mortality in emergency department sepsis (MEDS) scoring system by comparing it with original MEDS score and to assess the prognostic value of other prognostic factor for sepsis patients including multiple organ dysfunction score (MODS), sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and serum procalcitonin level. METHODS: Adult patients visiting emergency department (ED) with evidence of septic shock were enrolled to the study. MEDS score, MODS, and SOFA score were calculated based on initial clinical data. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to assess the prognostic factors for predicting mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses (KMSA) were used to determine whether the prognostic factors had correlation with survival time. RESULTS: Only MODS showed significant predicting power for mortality (p=0.003, area under curve=0.625). Estimated median survival of all the patients calculated by KMSA was 11.0 (standard error 1.7) days, and predefined criteria of all prognostic factors showed significant differences in survival time. CONCLUSION: MEDS, abbreviated MEDS, MODS, and SOFA scoring systems were useful factors for predicting survival time of septic shock patients visiting ED.

Prognostic Factor, for Major Trauma Patients in the Emergency Medical Service System

PURPOSE: A few studies have assessed the factors affecting the prognoses for major trauma patients and those improving the circumstances when dealing with the trauma system. In that light, we analyzed factors, such as pre-hospital factors, the time to admission, the length of stay in the emergency department (ED) and emergency operation, influencing the outcomes for trauma patients. METHODS: The patients who visited our emergency department from April 1, 2009, to February 29, 2011, due to major trauma were enrolled in the study. The inclusion criterion was a revised trauma score (RTS) or = 16. We used reviews of medical records, to analyze each step of emergency medical care with respect to patients' sex, age, visit time and visit date. Continuous variables were described as a median with an interquartile range, and we compared the variables between the survival and the mortality groups by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Fisher's exact test was used for nominal variables. Using the variables that showed statistical significance in univariate comparisons, we performed a logistic regression analysis, and we tested the model's adequacy by the using the Hosmer-Lemeshow method. RESULTS: A total of 261 patients with major trauma satisfied either the RTS score criterion or the ISS score criterion. Excluding 12 patients with missing data, 249 patients were included in this study. The overall mortality rate was 16.9%. Time to ED arrival, time to admission, time of ED stay, RTS, ISS, and visit date being a holiday showed statistically significant differences between the survival and the mortality groups in the univariate analysis. RTS, ISS, length of ED stay, and visit date being a holiday showed statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The mortality rate did not show a significant relationship with the time to ED arrival, use of 119, on time to admission. Rather, it elicited a quite significant correlation with the trauma scoring system (RTS and ISS), the time of ED stay, and the visit date being a holiday.