Résumé
Discordance, such as overlap, repetition and inconsistent, of standards is one of the major problems in current standardization affair in China. Therefore, improving the unity and authority of standards through reduction of overlap, repetition and inconsistency has become the main goal of deepening standardization reform in China. This paper summarizes the discordance in public health standards in China, analyzes the major reasons and provides specific strategic suggestions through case analysis of public health standards in the ways of comparisons of same kind standards of other deparments and standards in administration documents and guidelines or technical specifications of academic associations or societies.
Résumé
Recent years, national laws and government policies were published as series to encourage the development of group standardizations. The updated Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China, implemented on January 1st, 2018, stipulates that group standard is a part of the Chinese standard system. Under the current supportive circumstances, more institutes and organizations have joined in the writing and releasing procedures of group standards’. Despite the rapid development of group standardization to publish, we are still at the phase of exploring and regulating group standardizations. This review summarizes the development and practice on the development group standardization in the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association and analyzes current condition and deficiency of the work in China, in order to develop suggestions and strategies to improve and regulate group standardization.
Résumé
As the most important phase in standardization activity,implementation saves as the essence.CDC in China are the major institutions undertaking disease control and prevention.Implementing the standards of public health provides technical basis for CDC to complete the task of disease control and prevention.In the study,spot conversation and questionnaire were used to investigate the implementation of standards on public health in CDC.Results showed that the staff of CDC got to know the standards through the Intemet.The departments of CDC which conducted training and sent staff to attend training courses accounted for 50.00％(25/50) and 34.00％ (17/50),respectively.State mandatory rule is still the main reason for relevant departments to implement the standards of the public health.Government promotion activities facilitate the implementation of Standards,and the degree of familiarity with Standards affects the implementation as well.The paper summarizes the existing problems,such as the lack of coordination between departments of public health at provincial level or below,lack of access to standards,and the need to strengthen the training of the standard implementation etc.It puts forward some suggestions to strengthen the implementation of public health Standards.
Résumé
As the most important phase in standardization activity,implementation saves as the essence.CDC in China are the major institutions undertaking disease control and prevention.Implementing the standards of public health provides technical basis for CDC to complete the task of disease control and prevention.In the study,spot conversation and questionnaire were used to investigate the implementation of standards on public health in CDC.Results showed that the staff of CDC got to know the standards through the Intemet.The departments of CDC which conducted training and sent staff to attend training courses accounted for 50.00％(25/50) and 34.00％ (17/50),respectively.State mandatory rule is still the main reason for relevant departments to implement the standards of the public health.Government promotion activities facilitate the implementation of Standards,and the degree of familiarity with Standards affects the implementation as well.The paper summarizes the existing problems,such as the lack of coordination between departments of public health at provincial level or below,lack of access to standards,and the need to strengthen the training of the standard implementation etc.It puts forward some suggestions to strengthen the implementation of public health Standards.
Résumé
Objective To study the bystander effects and associated mechanisms through irradiated conditioned medium(1CM). Methods Natural kilhr(NK) cells were obtained from peripheral blood samples. ICM irradiated with different doses of 60Coγ-rays was used for culturing K562 cell strain. The degree of injury of K562cells by activated NK cells was observed, as well as the apoptosis frequency of K562 cell was investigated. Results Severe injury was induced in K562 cells cultured in ICM than the control (sham-irradiated) as shown by increased sensitivity to NK cells (P < 0.05). The apoptosis frequency of K562 cell was increased significantly compared with the control cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions The bystander effect induced by irradiation is existent. ICM can trigger the bystander effect on K562 cell strains.
Résumé
Objective To investigate the basic data of risk estimation of lung cancer among non-uranium miners in China.Methods 2836 workers from 24 mines in 9 provinces/regions were face-to-face interviewed to collect information including age at exposure,exposure duration,cigarette smoking among others.Results Age of the investigated non-uranium miners ranged from 17 to 72(36.9±8.0)years.The miners received low and poor education,3% of them were illiterate,58% with primary and middle school education,only 7% with junior college and higher education.Seventy-five percent of the uranium miners are migrant rural workers.Ethnic minority miners accoungted for 16% of all the investigated miners.Among the migrant rural workers age at initial exposure was estimated to be 29.6±8.0 years.By the time of the investigation,46.7% of the miners had worked in the mine for five years and longer,working years in the mine was 6.7±6.8 years with a median of 4.1years.3.4% of the non-uranium miners began the initial radon exposure in mines before their 18 years of old.17.5% of the investigated miners reported working more than 8 h every working day.Among the males,58.0% were current smokers with a median of 16 cigarettes per day.Age to begin the cigarette smoking was 20 years on average.Current smoking rate was age-dependent,the rate as high as 69.2% for the males aged 15-19 years.Current smoking rate was significantly statistically lower in coal mines than that in other mines,49.0% vs 62.5%.Compared with other miners,more frequent mechanical ventilations were reported by coal miners,Conclusions In China non-uranium mines,75% were migrant rural workers,by the time of the investigation about half of them had worked in the mines for at least five years.Non-uranium miners began their mining at 30 years on average,with a very small percentage of 3%,exposed to the mining radon before their 18 years.Current cigarette smoking rate in non-uranium male miners was the same as the general male population in China.
Résumé
On the basis of systematic analysis for the current status of scientific research project mid-term management, we described several disadventages in the meddle management and gave some sugges-tions which included thinking highly of the role of supporting institutions, promoting the service conscious-ness, improving the project management ability of the manager and exploring new management methods of scientific research. Following these suggestions it would be make the meddle management much better and improving the research qualities.