Influence of mouth rinses on the surface hardness of dental resin nano-composite

Objective: The aim of this research was to assess the effect of mouth rinses with and without alcohol on the hardness of dental nano-filled composite

Methods: The micro-hardness of fifty circular disk shaped specimens of 7 mm x 2 mm were measured after 14 days. Specimens were immersed into alcohol containing [Listerine and Colgate Perioguard] and alcohol-free [Prodent and Sensodyne Oral antiseptic] mouth rinse solutions. Artificial saliva served as the control. Vickers Micro-hardness was measured with a 30gram load for 30 seconds dwell time by using a diamond indenter. Significant differences were represented by p<0.05, whereas highly significant difference represented by p<0.01. The level of significance [p] was calculated with the help of repeated measure ANOVA. For multiple comparisons, Tukey's multiple comparison test was used

Results: Statistical analysis revealed highly significant difference between specimens immersed in artificial saliva [control] and Listerine [p<0.01]. Whereas significant difference were observed between control and Colgate Periogard [p<0.05]. However, no significant difference was observed on comparing Prodent and Sensodyne Oral antiseptic mouth rinses with control group[p>0.05]. Control specimens depicted highest value of micro-hardness[60.5746 +/- 3.2703] compared to the lowest value seen in specimens immersed in Listerine solvent[54.4687 +/- 1.0937]

Conclusion: Alcohol containing mouth rinsing solutions have more deleterious effect on hardness of nano composites as compared to alcohol-free mouth rinses

Prevalence of oral mucosal alterations in type 2 diabetesmellitus patients attending a diabetic center

To explore an association between oral mucosal alterations and type 2 Diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology and Baqai Medical University from September 2010 to September 2012. A total of 800 individuals' 395 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 405 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. An oral clinical examination was carried out for all participants using a mouth mirror, visible light source and cotton gauze. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was high significantly < 0.0001; odd ratio 2.601, CI 1.929-3.509 in type 2 diabetic as compared to non-diabetic. With respect to specific oral mucosal lesions, highly significant association p < 0.0001; Odd ratio 4.275, CI 2.798-6.534 was found between coated tongue with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study did not find any association [p > 0.05] between type 2 diabetes mellitus and potentially malignant disorders. This study showed that the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was higher in type 2 diabetic than non-diabetics. This study provides evidence that diabetes has a negative influence on oral health

To investigate the in-vitro effect of areca nut aqueous extract on reconstituted human epithelium model

To investigate the in vitro effect of areca nut aqueous extract on reconstituted human epithelium model by assessing the morphology of the tissue on formalin fixed paraffin embedded section. Aqueous extract of areca nut, and Phosphate Buffered Saline [as control] was applied to the surface of the buccal epithelium and gingival epithelium. The morphology of the stratified oral epithelial model was examined at 24 and 48 hours by using formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. It was found that after 24 hours areca affected the morphology of the tissue by causing intercellular spacing and vacuolation. After 48 hours these changes were more marked and there was disorganization of prickle cell layer. This study has confirmed that aqueous extract of areca nut caused significant histological changes in the tissue examined.

Effect of erythropoietin on cell lines using methyithiazol tetrazolium assay

To investigate the effect of erythropoietin on cellular proliferation in SCC-25, TR146 and FIBS cells lines. This observational study was carried out at Department of Oral Pathology Barts and the London Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary, University of London in tye year 2004-2005. This study focuses on the effects of Erythropoietin on 3 cell lines [SCC-25, TR146 and FIBS] when applied for 24 hours respectively, Methylthiazol tetrazolium [MTT] assay was carried out using a range of erythropoietin concentrations [1, 10, 25 units]. Serum free medium was used as a control. In this study erythropoietir significantly increased the cell proliferation of SCC-25 and FIBS with 1 and 10 unit/ml but had no effect on TR146 cells, While 25 unit erythropoietin showed very little effect in increase cell viability in both SCC-25 and FIBS. This study has confirmed that all the concentration of erythropoietin used had effect on SCC-25 and FIBS cell viability but erythropoietin had no effect on TR146 cell viability

expression of erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma

The objective of this study is to analyse the in vitro expression of Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin Receptor in pathological biopsies of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The biopsy samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma provided by Barts and the London NHS trust hospital. The samples were taken from buccal mucosa, lip, lateral border of tongue, tonsilor region, oropharynx and nasal columnella. These samples were cut to form the formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks, and immunohistochemistry was performed on each sample, which later on viewed under microscope. In this study erythropoietin staining was present in all the specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma studied. Within the tumors Erythropoietin staining showed a differential pattern that was related to the differentiation of the tumour. In poorly differentiated tumours, erythropoietin was present in all the tumour cells spread throughout the tissue. In well differentiated tumours, erythropoietin staining was only present in the prickle cell layer. Erythropoietin receptor staining within the tumours showed a differential staining too. In the poorly differentiated tumours, erythropoietin receptor was only present in the muscle plus adjacent inflammatory cells and was absent in the tumour islands. In the well differentiated tumours some islands showed weak staining in the prickle cell layer, while the surrounding inflammatory infiltrate was positive. This study has confirmed that oral squamous cell carcinoma express both erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor. Erythropoietin staining showed a differential pattern that was related to the differentiation of tumour. Erythropoietin receptor was expressed in salivary gland ducts and serous but not in mucous acini. These findings suggest that more studies are needed to explore the functional significance of erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma and in salivary glands

levels of cytokines - the effect of betel quid/areca nut on oral epithelium

The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vitro effect of betel quid and its components on a stratified epithelium and to evaluate whether there was evidence of a site specific response to their effect. The reconstituted human buccal epithelium model and human gingival epithelium model used in the study which was prepared and supplied by Skin ethic Laboratories, Nice, France. It is a three-dimensional tissue culture model obtained by culturing transformed oral keratinocytes [TR146] derived from a buccal carcinoma and oral keratinocytes derived from healthy gingival. 50 micro ml of freshly prepared aqueous extract of paan, areca, lime, areca/lime mixture, tobacco and PBS [as control] was applied to the surface of the epithelium and the tissue incubated for upto 48 hours at 37 [degree sign] C in 5%. CO[2] in a humidified atmosphere. The tissue was used to access the viability by MTT assay. The culture medium was also collected at 4 and 48 hours and used for the measurement of cytokines /chemokines release using ELISA technique. In this study application of paan and its components caused up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines. On the buccal epithelium model after 4 hours of treatment lime caused increased release of IL-1 alpha [26.9 +/- 14.3 pg/ml] compared to PBS Control [9.5 +/- 4.5 pg/ml], IL-6 [24.9 +/- 8.4 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [8.2 +/- 1.8 pg/ml], IL-8 [437.5 +/- 227.8 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [194 +/- 58.1pg/ml] and TGF-beta after 24 hours [71.3 +/- 10.8 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [49.3 +/- 2.7 pg/ml]. In gingival epithelial model only paan caused increased IL-8 release [305.5 +/- 221.1 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [48.3 +/- 19.4] after 48 hours of treatment. Areca caused increased of IL-1 alpha [81.2 +/- 11.3 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [11.2 +/- 5.9 pg/ml] after 48 hours of treatment, whereas paan caused increased release of IL-6 [16.3 +/- 4.3 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [8.2 +/- 1.7 pg/ml], IL-8 [2333.7 +/- 1252.3 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [294.8 +/- 126.5pg/ml] and TGF-beta [35.8 +/- 0.9, 41.4 +/- 1.4 pg/ml] compared to PBS control [62 +/- 4.2] after 48 hours of treatment. Areca inhibited the viability of buccal epithelial cells. This study has confirmed that lime, areca and paan caused significant changes in cytokine release, viability and histology of the tissue. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines may suggest that in the initial event of OSF these cytokines can act as a constant source of irritation to underlying tissue. The increase in TGF-beta release suggests that it may act on the underlying fibroblasts and result in increased collagen synthesis, a feature of OSF

prevalence of tobacco consumption in youth of Karachi, Pakistan - a pilot study

The aim of this study is to explore the prevalence of tobacco consumption in young people and observe its association with second hand smoking. It is a pilot study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Following are the objectives of this study: This pilot study will help to proceed with conducting validated Global Youth Tobacco Survey [GYTS] in Karachi using standard methodology in future. It will also establish current and life time prevalence of smoking in young people of Karachi, Pakistan. To study correlation between young people consuming tobacco and the effect of environmental tobacco smoke [second hand smoking]. A cross sectional study was conducted in a private school in Karachi. School was selected through convenience sampling. The sample consisted of 76 students both boys and girls had equal opportunity to participate in the survey. A Validated GYTS questionnaire was used. The current prevalence of smoking is 16% while the students who ever smoked is 41% which is comparatively high to other Global Youth Tobacco Survey [GYTS] conducted in other cities in Pakistan, The results matched with GYTS Eastern Mediterranean Regions which reports 15.3% as current smokers. Environmental tobacco smoke or second hand smoking reported was statistically significant. In this study environmental tobacco smoke [ETS] second hand smoking has been considered as an associated factor and has correlation with tobacco consumption in young people in Karachi. Further research is needed by conducting GYTS using the standard methodology and tobacco awareness programmes need to be integrated in health promoting schools to reduce the ETS