Renal profile in cases subjected to blunt trauma

To study the occurrence of renal failure in cases subjected to blunt trauma. Analytical study. This study was carried out at the Medico-legal clinic, Services Hospital, Lahore from January to December, 2007. The study was based upon 50 cases of blunt trauma reporting at Medico-legal clinic, Services Hospital, Lahore. Twenty normal healthy controls were taken for comparison purposes. The cases were clinically examined for presence of evidence of trauma. Urine and blood samples were taken for estimation of blood urea, creatinine, potassium and calcium. There were 47 males [94%] and 3 females [6%]. The age of the subjects ranged between 18-70 years with mean of 30.9 +/- 12.34, maximum number [62%] below the age of 30. The injuries found were abrasions / bruises in 45 cases [90 %], lacerated wounds in 5 cases [10%]. In most of the cases [40%] injuries were distributed in more than one body region. As single area involvement the head and face area was affected in one case [2%], chest in 4 cases [8%] and limbs in 25 cases [50%]. The most commonly involved areas were buttocks, thighs, back of chest. Twenty nine cases [58%] reported for examination within 24 hours. Thirteen cases [26%] reported between 24-48 hours and 8 cases [16%] reported between 48-72 hours after being traumatized. Urine Examination showed yellow colour in 44 cases [88%] and brownish red in 6 cases [12%]. Specific gravity ranged between 1010-1030 with mean of 1020.6 +/- 6.59. It was between 1010-1019 in 14 cases[28%], 1020-1029 in 27 cases [54%] and 1030-1039 in 9 cases[18%]. pH ranged between 5 - 8 with mean of 5.8 +/- 0.75. It was between 5 - 5.9 in 7 cases[14%], between 6.0 - 6.9 in 27 cases [54%], between 7.0 - 7.9 in 14 cases [28%] and 8.0 and above in 2 case [4%]. In control group it ranged between 6.0 - 7.0 with mean of 6.4 +/- 0.50. Blood was positive in 7 cases [14%], and negative in 43 cases [86%]. Microscopic Examination of urinary sediment showed pus cells 0 - 5 /HPF in 35 cases [70%], and above 5/PHF in 15 cases [30%]. The red blood cells were present in 15 cases [30%]. Calcium oxlate crystals were found in 39 cases [78%], triple phosphate in 5 cases [10%]. In 6 cases [12%] no crystals were found. The cellular casts were present in 6 cases [12%]. In blood examination blood urea ranged between 15.5 - 86.0 mg/dl with a mean of 43.54 +/- 15.06 . The blood urea was above reference range in 7 cases [14%]. Blood Creatinine ranged between 0.5 - 2.6 mg/dl with mean of 0.97 +/- 0.47. The raised blood creatinine was found in 7 cases [14%]. These cases are the same cases which have raised blood urea. Serum Potassium ranged between 3.2 - 5.9 mmol/dl with mean of 4.45 and S.D. 0.78. It is above reference range in 9 cases [18%]. In cases with raised blood urea and creatinine it was raised in all cases. Serum Calcium ranged between 5.6 - 10.74 with mean of 8.84 +/- 1.01. The hypocalcaemia was seen in 25 cases [50%]. In the cases with raised blood urea and creatinine the calcium was low in all cases. In our study 14% cases have shown the evidence of renal function derangement. The cases subjected to blunt trauma are at threat to develop renal failure particularly in cases with dehydration and acidosis

study of the spectrum of homicide in rawalakot, AJ and K

Objective: To find out the incidence of homicide, age and gender distribution of victims, type of weapons used and the most frequently targeted regions of body in victims of homicide in Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, AJ and K

Study Design: Retrospective study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at SKBZH/CMH Rawalakot, AJ and K from Jan 2012 toMay 2015

Materials and Methods: Performa was designed for retrospective cohort study. The study was conducted in the mortuary SKBZH/CMH Rawalakot. Consent was implied and relevant information was gathered from the available record. Out of all the cases autopsied during this three and a half year period, 66 were homicidal in nature. Rest of the cases were excluded

Results: Male to female ratio was 5.6:1.Maximum number of victims belonged to 21-40yrs agegroup. Singleinjury was present in 85% [n= 56] cases while 15% [n=10] cases had multiple injuries. The most common region of the body targeted was chest 31.8%[n=21] followed by limbs, head and neck and abdomen .The most common tool used to kill was firearm in 75.8% [n=50] cases followed by sharp edged weapon in 18.2% [n=12] cases and others [including RTA, electrocution etc.] in 6.1%[n=4]cases