Modelling energy content of municipal solid waste using artificial neural network

The application of artificial neural network on energy modeling needs to be researched more extensively in order to appreciate and fulfill the potential of this modeling approach. The estimation of lower heating value is required to know the actual available energy to be converted to heat or electricity. In this study, a feed forward artificial neural network, trained by error back propagation algorithm was used to predict the lower heating value of municipal solid waste. Plastic, paper, glass, textile and food were found to be essential for prediction of lower heating value of municipal solid waste. The lower heating value has strong relationship with plastic, paper, glass, textile and food. Using 60 dataset divided into 37 training dataset and 23 validating dataset, gathered from Abuja waste stream, artificial neural network was trained and validated. The efficiency and accuracy of the artificial neural network was measured based on absolute average error and determination coefficient. The artificial neural network produced results with an absolute average percentage error less than 9.13% and 9.4% for training and validating dataset, respectively, when compared to measured data. The model provided the best fit and the predicted trend followed the observed data closely; the determination coefficient for training and validating dataset were 0.992 and 0.981, respectively. These results show that artificial neural network is an effective tool in forecasting energy content

Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Nigeria

Municipal solid waste management has emerged as one of the greatest challenges facing environmental protection agencies in developing countries. This study presents the current solid waste management practices and problems in Nigeria. Solid waste management is characterized by inefficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper disposal. The waste density ranged from 280 to 370 kg/m[3] and the waste generation rates ranged from 0.44 to 0.66 kg/capita/day. The common constraints faced environmental agencies include lack of institutional arrangement, insufficient financial resources, absence of bylaws and standards, inflexible work schedules, insufficient information on quantity and composition of waste, and inappropriate technology. The study suggested study of institutional, political, social, financial, economic and technical aspects of municipal solid waste management in order to achieve sustainable and effective solid waste management in Nigeria

Changes in O[2] stauration during inhalational induction of anaesthesia in children - a comparison between halothane and Isoflurane

To study the change in O2 saturation during induction of anaesthesia in children. A comparison between Halothane and Isoflurane. Prospective comparative study. Department of anaesthesia Services Hospital Lahore. This study was conducted in 2004 on 70 children irrespective of sex age range 1-10 year. A total 70 children were studied 35 in each group. The result showed that halothane is a better inhalational induction agent then isoflurane. Halothane is better than isoflurane for inhalational induction in children

comparison of air way maintenance by cuffed oropheryngeal air way [COPA] and laryngeal mask air way [LMA] in spontaneously breathing adult patients

In this study total hundred patients wee included. Fifty [group I] were subjected to COPA device for airway maintenance and in other fifty [group II] LMA was used. In this study first attempt successful insertion rate in group I was 90% while in group II it was 94%. However statistical analysis showed no significant different in both groups. Regarding maneuvers needed to maintain smooth breathing in group I head tilt was used in 2%. It is significantly high in group I than in group II. Laboured breathing was seen in 6% in group I while 2% in group II. There was no significant difference in both groups. According to this study LMA is better in all respect as it is easier to insert and better fit in