Evaluation of producing extended spectrum p-lactamase among isolated escherchia coli from patients suffering from urinary tract infections: [short report]

Despite the widespread availability of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance in uropathogens is increasing. The most common mechanism in the antibiotic resistance is production of extended spectrum B-lactamase [ESBL]. In this study, the presence of producing ESBL among isolated Escherchia Coli from patients suffering from urinary tract infections in Ali-Ebne Abitaleb hospital [Rafsanjan, Iran] as well as their sensitivity to newer antibiotics were evaluated. In this descriptive study, 146 Escherchia Coli were collected from 1634 urine samples of suspected patients with urinary tract infection in a five month tim period. Isolated organisms were identified by standard biochemical and microbial tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method. Isolated E coli that were resistant to third generation cephalosporines were tested for ESBL phenotype by double disc synergy test method. Their susceptibility to imipenem, meropenem and cefepime were also determined. Totally, 19.86% of the isolated E coli showed resistance to third generation cephalosporines and 10.27% of them were ESBL producer. Also, ESBLs E Coli showed co-resistance to other antibiotics. Susceptibility to imipenem, meropenem were 100%, and cefepime 26.66%. ESBL producer isolated Escherchia Coli had resistance to many different antibiotics, but it showed high susceptibility to imipenem and meropenem. So in order to prevent any resistance, we should use these antibiotics correctly

[Addicts' perspectives about factors associated with substance abuse relapse]

It has been known for many years that there is a high risk of relapse after treatment of drug abuse. This has made addiction more complicated. Knowledge of related factors allows the health care professionals to initiate much broader, client - centered, relapse prevention strategies. This study had a descriptive design. The sample comprised 200 addicts who all were male and had at least one relapse episode after treatment. Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The related factors to relapse are divided in two groups as individual and environmental factors. The intensity of related factors was asked as "not any", "a little", "medium" and "very much". The results showed that 33.5% of the subjects had 1 relapse, 38% 2-3 relapse and 28.5% more than 3 relapse. Also, 53% of them relapse in less than 3 month after treatment. Only 12% could avoid drug use for more than 1 year. The mean time of abstinence was 6.3 +/- 3 month. According to Friedman test, insomnia and temptation were the most important individual factors [P<0.000], and simple access to drugs, family conflicts and noncompliance with treatment were the most important environmental factors [P<0.000]. With respect to results, since psychological factors were the most important [mean= 1.6 +/- 0.5], mere detoxification is not efficient enough and may end in client's relapse. Treatment services should be developed further and strengthen relapse prevention and relapse coping skills among drug misuser's and pschological health is the first thing that should be notified by them