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Background: As there were no vaccines available for any strains of coronaviruses, it was inevitable to develop safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of infection. There were limited data on the safety of the vaccine in the real-world environment, so the present study is undertaken to assess the safety of the vaccine. Aim and Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the safety profile of ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 Coronavirus Vaccine (Covishield) among health care professionals. Materials and Methods: This is 6 months follow-up observation of vaccinated individuals, 545 health care workers have taken Covishield Vaccine for a duration of 1 month in a tertiary care hospital in two doses with 28 days apart. Demographic data such as age, gender, and comorbidities were noted. They were given a World Health Organization-based Adverse Event Following Immunization form to fill if they have any of the symptoms. Their phone numbers were collected to check for any adverse reactions every week after the first dose till the next dose and every month for another 6 months. Results: Adverse reactions were reported by 147 out of 297 vaccinated individuals after the first dose, 40 members out of 248 individuals after the second dose 24 h after vaccination. Pain at the site of infection and body ache/myalgia was seen in 27% of individuals. Reactions were mild in most of the individuals which resolved in a day without medication. Conclusions: Although the frequency of adverse reactions was observed in more individuals, they were mostly mild and self-limiting. This may show that vaccine has an acceptable safety profile in our observation among health care professionals.
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Objective@#To determine the frequency of premalignant and malignant lesions in cervical polyps in order to examine whether cervical polyps need to be removed routinely and also to appraise its association with cervical smear cytology and endometrial pathologies. @*Methods@#We retrospectively re-examined the hospital records of 299 cases over a period of 5 years. All patients were segregated into perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups according to their menopausal status. The groups were compared in terms of histological results of cervical polyp biopsy, endometrial pathologies, and cervical smear cytology. Pearson’s χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis, and a P-value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. @*Results@#In the histopathological reports of cervical polyps, premalignant lesions were found in 2% of cases, and only 0.3% of malignant lesion was observed in menopausal women. Subsequently, no malignancy was noted in cervical smear cytology for both groups. Premalignant and malignant lesions in endometrial histopathology findings were 1.33% and 0.66%, respectively. There was a statistically significant association between the menopausal status of the patient and cervical smear cytology and endometrial pathology, but the histological findings were not statistically significant in relation to the symptomatic status of the patients. @*Conclusion@#As per the results, we strongly suggest the removal of all cervical polyps with subsequent histological review. The evaluation of cervical smear cytology prior to polypectomy can provide information about its malignancy potential. We believe that along with cervical polypectomy, endometrial sampling should be recommended, especially for postmenopausal women.
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Objective@#To determine the frequency of premalignant and malignant lesions in cervical polyps in order to examine whether cervical polyps need to be removed routinely and also to appraise its association with cervical smear cytology and endometrial pathologies. @*Methods@#We retrospectively re-examined the hospital records of 299 cases over a period of 5 years. All patients were segregated into perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups according to their menopausal status. The groups were compared in terms of histological results of cervical polyp biopsy, endometrial pathologies, and cervical smear cytology. Pearson’s χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis, and a P-value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. @*Results@#In the histopathological reports of cervical polyps, premalignant lesions were found in 2% of cases, and only 0.3% of malignant lesion was observed in menopausal women. Subsequently, no malignancy was noted in cervical smear cytology for both groups. Premalignant and malignant lesions in endometrial histopathology findings were 1.33% and 0.66%, respectively. There was a statistically significant association between the menopausal status of the patient and cervical smear cytology and endometrial pathology, but the histological findings were not statistically significant in relation to the symptomatic status of the patients. @*Conclusion@#As per the results, we strongly suggest the removal of all cervical polyps with subsequent histological review. The evaluation of cervical smear cytology prior to polypectomy can provide information about its malignancy potential. We believe that along with cervical polypectomy, endometrial sampling should be recommended, especially for postmenopausal women.
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Solanum lycopersicum L., an important vegetable crop (Tomato) in most regions of the world, is affected by high temperature stress at various stages of its growth. Likely increase in periodicity of high temperature episodes under climate change conditions would further affect the tomato production. To sustain productivity and yields under climate change situations, there is an urgent need to develop suitable cultivars as an adaptation strategy. For this endeavour, identification of high temperature tolerant lines for crop improvement is a prerequisite. Hence in the present study, temperature induction response (TIR) technique was employed to evaluate thermotolerance in 52 tomato genotypes. Two day old seedlings were subjected to an initial induction treatment i.e., gradual temperature increase from 33-43°C for 3 h followed by 50°C for 3 h as challenging temperature. Wide variability was seen for seedling survival and vigour. In genotypes IIHR-2202, IIHR-2836 and IIHR-2841 seedling survival was as high as 90%, while H-329, H-371, IIHR-2745 and H-335 showed least reduction in growth and also had better seedling vigour index. Of the 52 genotypes, 21 were identified as tolerant, 12 moderately tolerant and 19 susceptible. This TIR technique is simple, quick and less expensive than whole plant screening. Hence, it could be used by plant physiologists and plant breeders for screening seedlings at an early stage in the phenotyping and crop improvement programmes.
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Lichens are self-sustaining symbiotic organism with algae, fungi and bacteria, survives even in adverse environmental conditions. However, how these symbionts solitarily survive while subject to irradiation has not been studied yet. Here, we focused on the lichen associated bacteria possessing plant growth promoting (PGP) traits to withstand the low dose e-beam irradiation and improvement of strains for PGP traits. Lichen associated bacterial isolates (GSL-01 to 11) majorly Enterobacter cloacae and Providencia rettgeri were subjected to e-beam irradiation (2-10 Gy) and their PGP activities were evaluated. Among these, only 3 isolates of E. cloacae GSL-01, 07 and 11 and P. rettgeri GSL-09 showed the potential to withstand low dose e-beam irradiation (2-8 Gy with 10 Hz), along with isolates GSL-07 and GSL-09 resulted in enhanced PGP activity. In addition, e-beam irradiation at 10 Gy with 50 Hz adversely affected PGP properties; perhaps due to the genetic instability of bacteria by irradiation resulted in the loss of PGP properties. Contrastingly, irradiated P. rettgeri (GSL-09) and E. cloacae (GSL-07) showed elevated nitrogen fixation and IAA production compared to the non-irradiated bacterial isolates. Therefore, these potential lichenized bacterial isolates (GSL-01, 07, 09 and 11) perhaps used for plant growth promoters (after validation), especially in adverse environmental condition, as these isolates showed the tolerance to low dose e-beam irradiation. Further, this study elaborates the current knowledge of low dose e-beam irradiation effect at different doses on PGP traits of lichenized bacteria.
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The present study was conducted to determine the nutritional elements in Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark aqueousextract (SAAE) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and the in vitroantibacterial activity against pathogens enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcous aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory, and bactericidalconcentration. Then, antidiarrheal effect was studied on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice model. Recorded Mg > Fe> Cu > Zn elements in SAAE invariably found to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.Effective concentration of bark showed the zone of inhibition against enterotoxigenic E. coli (200 mg/ml), S. typhiand S. aureus (300 mg/ml), and P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia (100 mg/ml). The standard ratio between minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was meticulously recorded “one”against all pathogens, which confirms the bactericidal property. Results in mice model prominently showed that SAAEsignificantly (p < 0.05) reduced the frequency and number of diarrheal episodes, intestinal fluid accumulation, andintestinal transit time in dose-dependent manner. Inordinate delay in charcoal movement in the intestine positivelyconfirmed the antispasmodic effect by reducing propulsive movement. Confirmed findings in this study naturallysuggested that SAAE could be an effective antibacterial and antidiarrheal formulation.
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Fixed drug eruptions (FDEs) may account for 16-21% of all cutaneous drug eruptions. Recent research suggests a cell-mediated process that initiates both the active and quiescent lesions. The major categories of causative agents of fixed drug eruption include antibiotics, antiepileptics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, sildenafil, and phenothiazines, although numerous other agents and certain foods such as cashews and licorice have also been reported as causative agents. A 38 year old male presented to the dermatology OPD with hyperpigmented and erythematous macular eruptions on the neck, chest, right arm, left scapular region, left wrist and left knee. The eruptions were associated with burning sensation and itching. He informed having taken medications for gastroenteritis the night before. The medications were Ofloxacin and Ornidazole (FDC), Omeprazole and Domperidone (FDC) and Paracetamol. He gave a history of a similar event, a year ago, with the same antimicrobial combination (Ofloxacin and Ornidazole), although the macular eruptions were restricted to the neck, arm and knee with bleb formation and severe burning sensation. Since the macular eruptions reoccurred, although with extra regions being affected, a diagnosis of FDEs was made. The most probable cause for these FDEs seems to be FDC of Ofloxacin and Ornidazole, because the patient gives history of taking Omeprazole and Paracetamol before without any FDEs. According to Naranjo’s Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale, the FDC of Ofloxacin and Ornidazole is a definite cause for the FDEs. (Score = 9).
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Tuberculosis (TB) treatment not only cures the patient but also helps in prevention, as it stops transmission of infection by rendering the patient’s sputum non-infectious. Sputum conversion is an important milestone during treatment and is to be achieved as soon as possible. When there is non-conversion, patient sputum persists to be positive for tubercle bacilli and patient continues to be infective. There are multiple factors responsible for this persistence of sputum positivity which have explored by various studies. There are variations in the association of these predisposing factors with persistent sputum positivity. Objectives: The current study was conducted to know the prevalence and the sociodemographic factors responsible for persistent sputum positivity in Bagalkot Taluk TB unit. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 adult pulmonary TB (Category – I) patients of Bagalkot Taluk TB Unit were selected. A community-based survey with the pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect relevant sociodemographic data regarding factors that influence persistent sputum positivity. Laboratory data were collected through concerned health facilities. Data were tabulated in MS-EXCEL 2013 and analyzed in Openepi version 3.01 and SPSS version 20. Results: Among 170 patients, pulmonary TB was seen more frequently among males (63.5%), middle-aged (31.7%), urban residents (55.3%), lower socioeconomic status (95.4%), and illiterates (28.8%). Prevalence of persistent sputum positivity was 10.59%. Among the persistent sputum positive patients, a higher prevalence was seen in males (66.67%) and lower socioeconomic class (88.33%). Age, literacy, and occupation were associated, whereas gender, place of residence, type of family, smoking, and alcoholism were not associated with persistent sputum positivity.
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The Grey Weevil, Myllocerus subfasciatus Guerin, is an important emerging pest of quarantine significance in Solanaceae crops including the eggplant, Solanum melongena. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been shown to be a potential source of safe and effective control of M. subfasciatus. In this study, we determined the virulence of seven strains of EPNs (Nematoda: Rhabditida) viz. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NBAIIHb105, H. indica NBAIIHi101, H. indica NBAIIHiMah, Steinernema abbasi NBAIISa01, Steinernema abbasi NBAIISa04, S. carpocapsae NBAIISc04 and S. glaseri NBAIISg01, with different foraging behaviour, against larvae of eggplant grey weevil, M. subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and their suitability in five representative soils from the eggplant grown areas under laboratory conditions. All seven nematode strains caused >80% mortality of M. subfasciatus larvae at 40 IJs/cm2. LC90 values ranged between 21.18 and 46.41 IJs/cm2 at 96 h post-application, which corresponded to field concentrations between 2.1-4.6×109 IJs/ha. H. indica NBAIIHi101, S. glaseri NBAIISg01, S. abbasi NBAIISa01 and S. carpocapsae NBAIISc04 recorded higher grub mortality, compared to H. indica NBAIIHiMah, H. bacteriophora NBAIIHb05 and S. abbasi NBAIISa04 indicating existence of inter- and intra-specific variation in virulence. Response Surface Modelling (RSM) optimized LC and LT values for maximised larval mortality. RSM predicted a concentration of 58.05-62.54 IJs/cm2 of these EPN (corresponding to a field dose of 5.8-6.2×109 IJs/ha) required for effecting 97.10-99.67% grub mortality, at 90-97 h of exposure. EPN strains performed better in terms of larval mortality in loamy sand, alluvial, mountain soil, red laterite compared to black cotton soils. Efficacy of EPN was positively correlated with the content of sand, and negatively with the clay content. It is possibly the first report that established the potential of local strains of EPNs with different foraging ability and their dosages for suppression of subterranean root feeding larvae of M. subfasciatus in five broad soil types of eggplant grown areas. Validation of this baseline data in real-time eggplant crop situations may help in evolving EPN-based viable management schedules for M. subfasciatus.
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In artificial insemination, poor quality of semen unsuitable for cryopreservation and susceptibility of spermatozoa to cryodamage in crossbred bulls have been a matter of concern. Present study was designed to identify the testicular cytology indices that might be used to predict the semen quality and cryotolerance of spermatozoa in bulls. Based on the ejaculate rejection rate and sperm cryotolerance, bulls (Holstein Friesian X Tharparkar crossbred) were classified into either good (producing good quality semen with spermatozoa having good cryotolerance; n=4) or poor (producing poor quality semen with spermatozoa having poor cryotolerance; n=4). Testicular cytology was studied in all the 8 bulls using fine needle aspiration technique. Testicular cytology of good bulls and poor bulls differed significantly. The proportion of Sertoli cells was significantly higher in good bulls (25.3±1.6) compared to poor bulls (11.0±0.8). The Sertoli cell index was 46.1±5.0 in good bulls while it was only 13.8±1.3 in poor bulls. The cut off values, as determined using Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis, indicate that the bulls having testicular cytogram comprising of <15.5% Sertoli cells, <24.3 Sertoli cell index and >4.0 spermatogenic cells to Sertoli cell ratio might be a poor bull in terms of semen quality and cryotolerance of spermatozoa. The proportion of Sertoli cells in the testicular cytology had positive (P <0.05) relationship with semen quality and cryotolerance of spermatozoa.
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BACKGROUND: Eribulin mesylate is the latest addition in the armamentarium of management of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with a unique mechanism of action. Although the multicentric EMBRACE trial suggests significant overall survival benefit from this novel drug, its effectiveness in Indian population is yet to be evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Presented here is a single center experience of eight patients who were administered eribulin for MBC. Patients had received a median of 3 prior chemotherapies before eribulin administration. The median dose of eribulin therapy was 5 cycles (range: 2–6 cycles). RESULTS: The objective response rate was 75% (CR in one and PR in five out of eight patients). Response was seen across all subtypes of patients. Eribulin was well tolerated. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Eribulin conferred good response rates with satisfactory tolerability profile in Indian patients. Its use in earlier lines and in combination with other drugs may achieve deeper and longer responses.
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The present investigations were aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacies of budmunchiamine-A (BUA) of Albizia amara. The activity-guided isolation leaded to isolate the bioactive compound budmunchiamine-A from alkaloid extract of A. amara. The budmunchiamine-A showed significant broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition (ZOI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values varied from 7.3 to 24.5 mm, 0.95 to 62.5 μg/mL, and 1.9 to 250 μg/mL, respectively. The budmunchiamine-A exhibited moderate antioxidant activity with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) value of 400 μg/mL in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and percent inhibition of β-carotene/linoleic acid was 67.8%. The results suggest the possible use of budmunchiamine-A as a molecular entity for drug development in pharmaceutical industry.
Sujets)
Albizzia/composition chimique , Anti-infectieux/pharmacologie , Antioxydants/pharmacologie , Extraits de plantes/pharmacologie , Anti-infectieux/isolement et purification , Antioxydants/isolement et purification , Bactéries/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Champignons/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Tests de sensibilité microbienne , Viabilité microbienne/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Extraits de plantes/isolement et purificationRésumé
The practice of placing a small amount of chewing tobacoo or snuff in the oral cavity and leaving it in place for extended periods of time appears to be finding its way in to young and middle aged adults as a socially accepectable and popular habit. Cancer development at the site of placement and other oral mucosal lensions caused by these products has been described from several population groups. As the composition and the pattern of use of the product vary, evaluation of each type of smokeless vtobacco (ST) has to be undertaken with caution. This review thus, highlights the use of ST and its significance as the causative for oral cancer.
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Background Maintenance of scorpions under laboratory conditions is ideal for long-term venom collection to explore the therapeutic applications of scorpion venom. Collection of venom by electrical stimulation requires a reliable stimulator and effective restrainer. Thus, the present study was conducted to develop a convenient method to maintain scorpions and to extract their venom for toxicity studies via a modified restrainer and stimulator. Methods Four different scorpion species were collected, among which three species were maintained in the laboratory in containers that mimic their natural habitat. Venom was extracted from Hottentotta rugiscutis by electrical stimulation at 8 V for 18 months and LD50 was estimated by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter. Results A total of 373 scorpions including Hottentotta rugiscutis, Hottentotta tamulus, Lychas tricarinatus and Heterometrus swammerdami were collected, identified and maintained successfully, achieving a 97 % survival rate. Hottentotta rugiscutis yielded 6.0 mL of venom by electrical stimulation. The LD50 of H. rugiscutis venom was estimated to be 3.02 mg/kg of body weight in female Swiss albino mice. Conclusions Scorpions were successfully maintained for 18 months. Herein we have also documented a simple, cost-effective method of venom extraction by electrical stimulation using a modified restrainer. Furthermore, Hottentotta rugiscutis was reported for the first time in Karnataka.
Sujets)
Animaux , Animaux venimeux , Tests de toxicité , Venins de scorpion , Inde/épidémiologieRésumé
Background Maintenance of scorpions under laboratory conditions is ideal for long-term venom collection to explore the therapeutic applications of scorpion venom. Collection of venom by electrical stimulation requires a reliable stimulator and effective restrainer. Thus, the present study was conducted to develop a convenient method to maintain scorpions and to extract their venom for toxicity studies via a modified restrainer and stimulator. Methods Four different scorpion species were collected, among which three species were maintained in the laboratory in containers that mimic their natural habitat. Venom was extracted from Hottentotta rugiscutis by electrical stimulation at 8 V for 18 months and LD50 was estimated by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter. Results A total of 373 scorpions including Hottentotta rugiscutis, Hottentotta tamulus, Lychas tricarinatus and Heterometrus swammerdami were collected, identified and maintained successfully, achieving a 97 % survival rate. Hottentotta rugiscutis yielded 6.0 mL of venom by electrical stimulation. The LD50 of H. rugiscutis venom was estimated to be 3.02 mg/kg of body weight in female Swiss albino mice. Conclusions Scorpions were successfully maintained for 18 months. Herein we have also documented a simple, cost-effective method of venom extraction by electrical stimulation using a modified restrainer. Furthermore, Hottentotta rugiscutis was reported for the first time in Karnataka.(AU)
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Animaux , Venins de scorpion , Scorpions , ToxicitéRésumé
Ropivacaine is a novel alternative to bupivacaine with the less cardiovascular system and central nervous system toxicity. Clonidine, an alpha 2 agonist, may have benefited patients when it is injected at peripheral nerve sites with local anesthetic ropivacaine. Clonidine is second only to epinephrine as a useful adjuvant for brachial plexus blockade. A clinical study was carried out to compare the anesthetic effects of ropivacaine alone and clonidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in brachial plexus block for upper limb surgeries. A comparative, double-blind, prospective, randomized, clinical study was carried out on 60 patients of either sex of American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I and II, with age group 25-65 years undergoing various orthopedic surgeries of upper limb under supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Patients were randomly allocated to either of the two groups of 30 each. Group-R: Injection ropivacaine 30 ml [0.75%] with 1 ml normal saline. Group-ropivacaine clonidine [RC]: linjection ropivacaine 30 ml [0.75%] with injection clonidine 1 ml [150 microg]. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, onset and duration of motor and sensory blockade were observed during preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative period. At the end of the study, the data were analyzed using Chi-square test for qualitative data and Student t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant and P < 0.01 was considered as highly significant. Demographic and hemodynamic data were comparable. Onset of sensory and motor block was significantly earlier in Group-R. Duration of analgesia and motor blockade was prolonged in the RC group. Both groups were observed for the side-effects, which were not significant. Addition of clonidine 150 microm to ropivacaine 0.75% 30 ml delays the onset of sensory and motor blockade while prolongs the postoperative motor blockade and analgesia significantly without producing any clinical significant side-effects in brachial plexus block through supraclavicular approach
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Objective: To evaluate antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of embelin and its derivatives. Methods: In the present study embelin was condensed with various aliphatic substituted primary amines, hydrazines and amino acids to yield seven new and five reported derivatives. All these compounds along with embelin were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH methods. Potent compounds were selected for in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Results: Hydrazines, amino acids substituted embelin derivatives and phenazines showed potent antioxidant activity. These compounds along with embelin were studied for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at 10 and 20 mg/kg doses by standard methods. Potent analgesic activity higher than the standard pentazocine was observed. Embelin and its derivatives almost completely abolished the acetic acid induced writhing. Phenyl alanine and phenazine derivative showed better anti-inflammatory activity than embelin. Conclusion: Further research would be of interest to explain the exact mechanism of these compounds and chemical modifications, biological screening and toxicity studies can also be explored.
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Athletics training is given using personality models, information processing | models, social interaction models and instructional preference models. This study uses the VARK [Visual Auditory Read/Write Kinesthetic]- visual, auditory, read/write, and kinesthetic inventory to gather information as per instructional preference model for assessing learning preferences among first and third semester MBBS students with reference to athletics training. This study is designed to evaluate and compare instructional learning style preferences of first and third semester medical students in a peripheral medical college in India. This study was conducted on first and third semester MBBS students with each group having 100 students each. VARK inventory version 7.1 was administered to determine the preferred instructional mode based upon the four sensory modalities- visual, auditory, read/write and kinesthetic with reference to athletics training. About 80% of the first semester students had unimodal learning preferences out of which 11%, 49%, 5% and 15% students preferred visual, auditory, read/write and kinesthetic modes respectively In comparison, significantly higher percentage [51%] of third semester students had multimodal learning preferences. Their unimodal learning preference was 4% visual, 6% auditory, 5% read/write and 14% kinesthetic modes. First semester students' auditory instructional style as the most preferred method, whereas the third semester students, preferred the kinesthetic mode. With the passage of time in the medical course, students adapt to a multimodal method of instruction. It is, therefore, in the interest of students to strengthen, encourage and adopt a multimodal approach to physical training rather than resorting to the conservative unimodal approach
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In the present study Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus isolated from paper mill effluent showed tolerance and accumulation of toxic metals Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu from synthetic medium and paper mill effluent. Physico-chemical and heavy metals characterization of industrially treated paper mill effluent showed insignificant reduction in BOD, hardness, TDS and heavy metals as compared to permissible limits of BIS and WHO. A.niger and A.flavus were treated with synthetic medium containing 100-1000 mg l-1 of six heavy metals. A.niger was able to tolerate and grow in 1000 mg l-1 Pb, 500 mg l-1 Cu, 250 mg l-1 Zn and 100 mg l-1 Cr, Ni respectively. No growth of A.niger was observed in 100 mg l-1 of Cd. A.flavus was capable to tolerate and grow in 1000 mg l-1 Pb, Zn and Ni, 100mg l-1 Cu. A.flavus growth was completely inhibited in 100 mg l-1 of Cd and Cr. The Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb reduction were found significant (p<0.05) in the paper effluent inoculated with A.niger and A.flavus biomass compared to industrial treated effluent. A.niger and A.flavus accumulated maximum of Pb (75. 82%) followed by Zn (49. 40%) > Cu (45. 34%) > Ni (25. 20%), while only 41% Cr was accumulated by A.niger from 100 mg l-1 of Cr solution.
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Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of two commercial and two household denture cleansers against Candida albicans adherent to acrylic denture base resin. Materials and Methods: Fifty specimens of acrylic denture base resin (10 × 10 × 2 mm) were fabricated and processed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sterile acrylic resin specimens were inoculated by immersing in Sabouraud broth containing C albicans for 16 hours at 37°C in an incubator. Then the specimens were washed and immersed in denture cleansers (four groups) - Clinsodent® (powder form), Fittydent® (tablet form), vinegar (4% acetic acid), diluted vinegar (50% diluted with water), and water (control group) for 8 hours at room temperature. After 8 hours the acrylic resin specimens were washed, fixed with methanol, and stained with crystal violet. Candida cells adherent to the acrylic resin specimens were counted under microscope. The number of cells adherent to the test samples were compared with that adherent to the control. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using the independent-samples 't ' tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's HSD test. Results: All the denture cleansers were highly effective against C albicans. The effectiveness of commercial denture cleansers was significant better than that of household denture cleansers. Fittydent® fared better than Clinsodent® , but the difference between the two was not statistically significant (P=.765). Vinegar was more effective than diluted vinegar (P<.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, denture cleansers were found to be effective in reducing C albicans cells adhering to dentures. The commercial denture cleansers (Fittydent® and Clinsodent® ) were more effective than household denture cleansers (vinegar and diluted vinegar).