Hydatid Cyst Presenting With Endobronchial Rupture.

Diagnosis of lung hydatidosis becomes difficult with unusual radiographic findings especially with rupture of hydatid cyst. Here we present the case of a patient who presented with hydatid cyst with endobronchial rupture. A 40-year-old woman presented with a 3-year history of cough with mucoid expectoration, breathlessness on exertion, intermittent fever and leftsided chest pain. Chest radiograph and computed tomography of chest showed a mass obstructing the left main bronchus and post-obstructive cavity formation. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed uptake [maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) 2.5 G/mL) in left lower lobe cavity. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy showed obstruction of the left main bronchus with white gelatinous material. After the bronchoscope was withdrawn, the patient expectorated large quantities of this material. Histopathological examination of the aspirated membrane showed laminated acellular layer and focal inner germinal layer suggestive of hydatid cyst.

Two Phase Orthodontic Treatment: A Case Report.

Myofunctional appliances become active through muscular forces that bring about the dentoalveolar and skeletal changes. Functional appliances can be both removable or fixed. Twin block appliance given by William Clark is one of the most popular functional appliance owing to its ease of fabrication for the orthodontist and its ease of wear for the patient. It is known to bring about both skeletal and dental changes and has been used extensively in Class II growing patients. This was a case report of a 12-year-old patient treated in two phases, first the functional phase using the twin block, followed by the second phase of fixed orthodontic appliance.

Pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.

A 58-year-old male presented with symptoms of progressive dyspnoea on exertion and predominantly dry cough of six months duration. He was a cigarette smoker with a smoking index of 10 pack years. He had no history of fever, exposure to dusts or drug therapy. There was no history of similar illness in the family members or any symptoms suggestive of connective tissue disease (CTD). On physical examination, clubbing was observed and there were bibasilar fine endinspiratory crackles on auscultation. Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry showed significant exercise desaturation from 94% to 77%.

Primary achalasia with pneumoesophagus and bronchopleural fistula causing right lung collapse and bronchiectasis.

A 35-year-old male non-smoker, presented with a history of recurrent respiratory tract infections, associated with intermittent haemoptysis and haematemesis since childhood. His vital parameters were normal with pulse oximetry saturation of 97% on room air. On physical examination, clubbing was observed. Chest auscultation revealed tubular type of bronchial breath sounds over the right hemithorax.

Pneumoconioses.

Occupational lung diseases are caused or made worse by exposure to harmful substances in the work-place. “Pneumoconiosis” is the term used for the diseases associated with inhalation of mineral dusts. While many of these broadspectrum substances may be encountered in the general environment, many occur in the work-place for greater amounts as a result of industrial processes; therefore, a range of lung reactions may occur as a result of work-place exposure. Physicians in metropolitan cities are likely to encounter pneumoconiosis for two reasons: (i) patients coming to seek medical help from geographic areas where pneumoconiosis is common, and (ii) pneumoconiosis caused by unregulated small-scale industries that are housed in poorly ventilated sheds within the city. A sound knowledge about the various pneumoconioses and a high index of suspicion are necessary in order to make a diagnosis. Identifying the disease is important not only for treatment of the individual case but also to recognise and prevent similar disease in co-workers.