An Observational Study Of Cardiac Involvement In Copd Patients And It’s Correlation With Severity Of The Disease

Introduction: The association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction is well known. Thyroid dysfunction especially subclinical hypothyroidism has been reported to be a risk factor for sight threateningdiabetic retinopathy. Therefore, it is of importance to investigate the determinants of clinical and subclinicalhypothyroidism in patients with diabetic retinopathy. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of hypothyroidism on diabetic retinopathy and the determinants of hypothyroidism.Aims: To study the association of hypothyroidism and diabetic retinopathy and its effect on severity of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes and investigate the determinants of hypothyroidism in patients with diabetic retinopathy.Subjects and methods: A cross sectional study conducted on one hundred patients of type 2 diabetes withdiabetic retinopathy. They were evaluated for status of diabetes control, thyroid function, lipid profile andretinopathy grade. Those found to have clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism were analyzed for variousclinical and biochemical parameters for possible determinants of thyroid dysfunction.Results: There were seventy-four euthyroid patients and eighteen with subclinical hypothyroidism and five withclinical hypothyroidism. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism had severe form of retinopathy (61.11%versus 32.43%). The odds of having a subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with severe form of diabeticretinopathy was found to be significant (OR 3.23; p=.048 CI=1.10-9.88). High HBA1c was an independent determinant of abnormal thyroid function.Conclusions: About one fourth of type II diabetes patients with retinopathy have thyroid dysfunction. Thesepatients are also likely to have severe form of the retinopathy especially those having subclinical hypothyroidism. Thus, we recommend thyroid function test should be done in all patients with type II diabetes mellitus withretinopathy. Those identified as having subclinical hypothyroidism should be closely followed so as, to detectand prevent vision threatening complications

A Case Of Primary Pulmonary Echinococcosis Presenting As Left Sided Gross Pleural Effusion

Invasion of the human lungs by the larvae of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (pulmonary cystic echinococcosis, PCE) is an incapacitating disease, frequently found across a wide geographic area, CE is endemic in many parts of the world, particularly the Mediterranean countries, Central Asia including the Tibetan Plateau, Northern and Eastern Africa, Australia, and South America. [1] Global burden of the human AE is approximately 18,235 new cases per annum with the majority (91%) occurring in China. [2] We report a case of 17–year–old girl student who presented with complaints of left sided pleuritic chest pain, fever and dyspnoea. X–ray chest PA view revealed gross pleural effusion on left side that was exudative in nature and did not respond to antibiotics and anti–tuberculous therapy. HRCT chest revealed large loculated cystic lesion showing calcification in left upper lobe parenchymal region suggestive of ruptured hydatid cyst. IgG antibody for E granulosus was positive. Ultrasound scan of abdomen and pelvis were within normal limits. A diagnosis of Primary pulmonary echinococcosis was made. She was treated successfully with Albendazole 400 mg bid for 21 days; six such cycles 14 days apart